sc_proxy.h

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  more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed
  with this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
  Accellera licenses this file to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0
  (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the
  License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at

    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
  implied.  See the License for the specific language governing
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/*****************************************************************************

  sc_proxy.h -- Proxy base class for vector data types.
*/
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  MODIFICATION LOG - modifiers, enter your name, affiliation, date and
  changes you are making here.

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// $Log: sc_proxy.h,v $
// Revision 1.3  2010/12/07 20:09:07  acg
// Andy Goodrich: Fix for returning enough data
//
// Revision 1.2  2009/02/28 00:26:14  acg
//  Andy Goodrich: bug fixes.
//
// Revision 1.1.1.1  2006/12/15 20:31:36  acg
// SystemC 2.2
//
// Revision 1.3  2006/01/13 18:53:53  acg
// Andy Goodrich: added $Log command so that CVS comments are reproduced in
// the source.
//

#ifndef SC_PROXY_H
#define SC_PROXY_H


#include "sysc/kernel/sc_cmnhdr.h"
#include "sysc/datatypes/int/sc_signed.h"
#include "sysc/datatypes/int/sc_unsigned.h"
#include "sysc/datatypes/int/sc_int_base.h"
#include "sysc/datatypes/int/sc_uint_base.h"
#include "sysc/datatypes/bit/sc_bit.h"
#include "sysc/datatypes/bit/sc_bit_ids.h"
#include "sysc/datatypes/bit/sc_logic.h"
#include "sysc/kernel/sc_macros.h"


namespace sc_dt
{

// classes defined in this module
template <class X> class sc_proxy;

// forward class declarations
class sc_bv_base;
class sc_lv_base;
template <class X> class sc_bitref_r;
template <class X> class sc_bitref;
template <class X> class sc_subref_r;
template <class X> class sc_subref;
template <class X, class Y> class sc_concref_r;
template <class X, class Y> class sc_concref;


const int SC_DIGIT_SIZE = BITS_PER_BYTE * sizeof( sc_digit );

const sc_digit SC_DIGIT_ZERO = (sc_digit)0;
const sc_digit SC_DIGIT_ONE  = (sc_digit)1;
const sc_digit SC_DIGIT_TWO  = (sc_digit)2;

SC_API void sc_proxy_out_of_bounds(const char* msg = NULL, int64 val = 0);

// assignment functions; forward declarations

template <class X, class Y>
inline
void
assign_p_( sc_proxy<X>& px, const sc_proxy<Y>& py );

// Vector types that are not derived from sc_proxy must have a length()
// function and an operator [].

template <class X, class T>
inline
void
assign_v_( sc_proxy<X>& px, const T& a );


// other functions; forward declarations

SC_API const std::string convert_to_bin( const char* s );
SC_API const std::string convert_to_fmt( const std::string& s, sc_numrep numrep, bool );

template<typename X> struct sc_proxy_traits;

template<> struct sc_proxy_traits<sc_bv_base>
{
    typedef sc_proxy_traits<sc_bv_base> traits_type;
    typedef bool                        value_type;
    typedef sc_logic                    bit_type; // sc_logic needed for mixed expressions
    typedef sc_bv_base                  vector_type;
};

template<> struct sc_proxy_traits<sc_lv_base>
{
    typedef sc_proxy_traits<sc_lv_base> traits_type;
    typedef sc_logic_value_t            value_type;
    typedef sc_logic                    bit_type;
    typedef sc_lv_base                  vector_type;
};


template<typename X> struct sc_proxy_traits<sc_bitref_r<X> >
  : sc_proxy_traits<X> {};

template<typename X> struct sc_proxy_traits<sc_bitref<X> >
  : sc_proxy_traits<X> {};


template<typename X> struct sc_proxy_traits<sc_subref_r<X> >
  : sc_proxy_traits<X> {};

template<typename X> struct sc_proxy_traits<sc_subref<X> >
  : sc_proxy_traits<X> {};


template<typename X> struct sc_proxy_traits<sc_proxy<X> >
  : sc_proxy_traits<X> {};


template< typename X, typename Y > struct sc_mixed_proxy_traits_helper
  : sc_proxy_traits<sc_lv_base> {}; // logic vector by default

template<typename X> struct sc_mixed_proxy_traits_helper<X,X>
  : X {};


template<typename X, typename Y> struct sc_proxy_traits< sc_concref_r<X,Y> >
  : sc_mixed_proxy_traits_helper< typename X::traits_type
                                , typename Y::traits_type >
{};

template<typename X, typename Y> struct sc_proxy_traits<sc_concref<X,Y> >
  : sc_mixed_proxy_traits_helper< typename X::traits_type
                                , typename Y::traits_type >
{};


template <class X>
class sc_proxy // #### : public sc_value_base
{
public:
    typedef typename sc_proxy_traits<X>::traits_type traits_type;
    typedef typename traits_type::bit_type   bit_type;
    typedef typename traits_type::value_type value_type;

    // virtual destructor

    virtual ~sc_proxy() {}


    // casts

    X& back_cast()
        { return static_cast<X&>( *this ); }

    const X& back_cast() const
        { return static_cast<const X&>( *this ); }


    // assignment operators

    template <class Y>
    X& assign_( const sc_proxy<Y>& a )
        { assign_p_( *this, a ); return back_cast(); }

    X& assign_( const char* a );
    X& assign_( const bool* a );
    X& assign_( const sc_logic* a );

    X& assign_( const sc_unsigned& a )
        { assign_v_( *this, a ); return back_cast(); }

    X& assign_( const sc_signed& a )
        { assign_v_( *this, a ); return back_cast(); }

    X& assign_( const sc_uint_base& a )
        { return assign_( (uint64) a ); }

    X& assign_( const sc_int_base& a )
        { return assign_( (int64) a ); }

    X& assign_( unsigned int a );
    X& assign_( int a );

    X& assign_( unsigned long a );

    X& assign_( long a );

    X& assign_( uint64 a );
    X& assign_( int64 a );


    // bitwise operators and functions

    // bitwise complement

    X& b_not();

    const sc_lv_base operator ~ () const;


    // bitwise and

    X& operator &= ( const char* b );
    X& operator &= ( const bool* b );
    X& operator &= ( const sc_logic* b );
    X& operator &= ( const sc_unsigned& b );
    X& operator &= ( const sc_signed& b );

    X& operator &= ( const sc_uint_base& b )
        { return operator &= ( (uint64) b ); }

    X& operator &= ( const sc_int_base& b )
        { return operator &= ( (int64) b ); }

    X& operator &= ( unsigned long b );
    X& operator &= ( long b );

    X& operator &= ( unsigned int b )
        { return operator &= ( (unsigned long) b ); }

    X& operator &= ( int b )
        { return operator &= ( (long) b ); }

    X& operator &= ( uint64 b );
    X& operator &= ( int64 b );


    const sc_lv_base operator & ( const char* b ) const;
    const sc_lv_base operator & ( const bool* b ) const;
    const sc_lv_base operator & ( const sc_logic* b ) const;
    const sc_lv_base operator & ( const sc_unsigned& b ) const;
    const sc_lv_base operator & ( const sc_signed& b ) const;
    const sc_lv_base operator & ( const sc_uint_base& b ) const;
    const sc_lv_base operator & ( const sc_int_base& b ) const;
    const sc_lv_base operator & ( unsigned long b ) const;
    const sc_lv_base operator & ( long b ) const;
    const sc_lv_base operator & ( unsigned int b ) const;
    const sc_lv_base operator & ( int b ) const;
    const sc_lv_base operator & ( uint64 b ) const;
    const sc_lv_base operator & ( int64 b ) const;


    // bitwise or

    X& operator |= ( const char* b );
    X& operator |= ( const bool* b );
    X& operator |= ( const sc_logic* b );
    X& operator |= ( const sc_unsigned& b );
    X& operator |= ( const sc_signed& b );

    X& operator |= ( const sc_uint_base& b )
        { return operator |= ( (uint64) b ); }

    X& operator |= ( const sc_int_base& b )
        { return operator |= ( (int64) b ); }

    X& operator |= ( unsigned long b );
    X& operator |= ( long b );

    X& operator |= ( unsigned int b )
        { return operator |= ( (unsigned long) b ); }

    X& operator |= ( int b )
        { return operator |= ( (long) b ); }

    X& operator |= ( uint64 b );
    X& operator |= ( int64 b );


    const sc_lv_base operator | ( const char* b ) const;
    const sc_lv_base operator | ( const bool* b ) const;
    const sc_lv_base operator | ( const sc_logic* b ) const;
    const sc_lv_base operator | ( const sc_unsigned& b ) const;
    const sc_lv_base operator | ( const sc_signed& b ) const;
    const sc_lv_base operator | ( const sc_uint_base& b ) const;
    const sc_lv_base operator | ( const sc_int_base& b ) const;
    const sc_lv_base operator | ( unsigned long b ) const;
    const sc_lv_base operator | ( long b ) const;
    const sc_lv_base operator | ( unsigned int b ) const;
    const sc_lv_base operator | ( int b ) const;
    const sc_lv_base operator | ( uint64 b ) const;
    const sc_lv_base operator | ( int64 b ) const;


    // bitwise xor

    X& operator ^= ( const char* b );
    X& operator ^= ( const bool* b );
    X& operator ^= ( const sc_logic* b );
    X& operator ^= ( const sc_unsigned& b );
    X& operator ^= ( const sc_signed& b );

    X& operator ^= ( const sc_uint_base& b )
        { return operator ^= ( (uint64) b ); }

    X& operator ^= ( const sc_int_base& b )
        { return operator ^= ( (int64) b ); }

    X& operator ^= ( unsigned long b );
    X& operator ^= ( long b );

    X& operator ^= ( unsigned int b )
        { return operator ^= ( (unsigned long) b ); }

    X& operator ^= ( int b )
        { return operator ^= ( (long) b ); }

    X& operator ^= ( uint64 b );
    X& operator ^= ( int64 b );


    const sc_lv_base operator ^ ( const char* b ) const;
    const sc_lv_base operator ^ ( const bool* b ) const;
    const sc_lv_base operator ^ ( const sc_logic* b ) const;
    const sc_lv_base operator ^ ( const sc_unsigned& b ) const;
    const sc_lv_base operator ^ ( const sc_signed& b ) const;
    const sc_lv_base operator ^ ( const sc_uint_base& b ) const;
    const sc_lv_base operator ^ ( const sc_int_base& b ) const;
    const sc_lv_base operator ^ ( unsigned long b ) const;
    const sc_lv_base operator ^ ( long b ) const;
    const sc_lv_base operator ^ ( unsigned int b ) const;
    const sc_lv_base operator ^ ( int b ) const;
    const sc_lv_base operator ^ ( uint64 b ) const;
    const sc_lv_base operator ^ ( int64 b ) const;


    // bitwise left shift

    X& operator <<= ( int n );

    const sc_lv_base operator << ( int n ) const;


    // bitwise right shift

    X& operator >>= ( int n );

    const sc_lv_base operator >> ( int n ) const;


    // bitwise left rotate

    X& lrotate( int n );


    // bitwise right rotate

    X& rrotate( int n );


    // bitwise reverse

    X& reverse();


    // bit selection

    sc_bitref<X> operator [] ( int i )
        { return sc_bitref<X>( back_cast(), i ); }

    sc_bitref_r<X> operator [] ( int i ) const
        { return sc_bitref_r<X>( back_cast(), i ); }

    sc_bitref<X> bit( int i )
        { return sc_bitref<X>( back_cast(), i ); }

    sc_bitref_r<X> bit( int i ) const
        { return sc_bitref_r<X>( back_cast(), i ); }


    // part selection

    sc_subref<X> operator () ( int hi, int lo )
        { return sc_subref<X>( back_cast(), hi, lo ); }

    sc_subref_r<X> operator () ( int hi, int lo ) const
        { return sc_subref_r<X>( back_cast(), hi, lo ); }

    sc_subref<X> range( int hi, int lo )
        { return sc_subref<X>( back_cast(), hi, lo ); }

    sc_subref_r<X> range( int hi, int lo ) const
        { return sc_subref_r<X>( back_cast(), hi, lo ); }


    // reduce functions

    value_type and_reduce() const;

    value_type nand_reduce() const
        { return sc_logic::not_table[and_reduce()]; }

    value_type or_reduce() const;

    value_type nor_reduce() const
        { return sc_logic::not_table[or_reduce()]; }

    value_type xor_reduce() const;

    value_type xnor_reduce() const
        { return sc_logic::not_table[xor_reduce()]; }


    // relational operators

    bool operator == ( const char* b ) const;
    bool operator == ( const bool* b ) const;
    bool operator == ( const sc_logic* b ) const;
    bool operator == ( const sc_unsigned& b ) const;
    bool operator == ( const sc_signed& b ) const;
    bool operator == ( const sc_uint_base& b ) const;
    bool operator == ( const sc_int_base& b ) const;
    bool operator == ( unsigned long b ) const;
    bool operator == ( long b ) const;
    bool operator == ( unsigned int b ) const;
    bool operator == ( int b ) const;
    bool operator == ( uint64 b ) const;
    bool operator == ( int64 b ) const;


    // explicit conversions to character string

    const std::string to_string() const;
    const std::string to_string( sc_numrep ) const;
    const std::string to_string( sc_numrep, bool ) const;


    // explicit conversions

    inline int64 to_int64() const
        { return to_anything_signed(); }
    inline uint64 to_uint64() const;
    int to_int() const
        { return (int)to_anything_signed(); }

    unsigned int to_uint() const
        { return (unsigned int)to_anything_unsigned(); }

    long to_long() const
        { return (long)to_anything_signed(); }

    unsigned long to_ulong() const
        { return (unsigned long)to_anything_unsigned(); }

#ifdef SC_DT_DEPRECATED

    int to_signed() const
        { return to_int(); }

    sc_digit to_unsigned() const
        { return to_uint(); }

#endif


    // other methods

    void print( ::std::ostream& os = ::std::cout ) const
        {
            // the test below will force printing in binary if decimal is
            // specified.
            if ( sc_io_base(os, SC_DEC) == SC_DEC )
                os << to_string();
            else
                os << to_string(sc_io_base(os,SC_BIN),sc_io_show_base(os));
        }

    void scan( ::std::istream& is = ::std::cin );

protected:

    void check_bounds( int n ) const;  // check if bit n accessible
    void check_wbounds( int n ) const; // check if word n accessible

    sc_digit to_anything_unsigned() const;
    int64 to_anything_signed() const;
};


// bitwise operators and functions

// bitwise and

template <class X, class Y>
inline
X&
operator &= ( sc_proxy<X>& px, const sc_proxy<Y>& py );


template <class X, class Y>
inline
const sc_lv_base
operator & ( const sc_proxy<X>& px, const sc_proxy<Y>& py );


#define DECL_BITWISE_AND_OP_T(tp)                                             \
template <class X>                                                            \
inline                                                                        \
const sc_lv_base                                                              \
operator & ( tp b, const sc_proxy<X>& px );

DECL_BITWISE_AND_OP_T(const char*)
DECL_BITWISE_AND_OP_T(const bool*)
DECL_BITWISE_AND_OP_T(const sc_logic*)
DECL_BITWISE_AND_OP_T(const sc_unsigned&)
DECL_BITWISE_AND_OP_T(const sc_signed&)
DECL_BITWISE_AND_OP_T(const sc_uint_base&)
DECL_BITWISE_AND_OP_T(const sc_int_base&)
DECL_BITWISE_AND_OP_T(unsigned long)
DECL_BITWISE_AND_OP_T(long)
DECL_BITWISE_AND_OP_T(unsigned int)
DECL_BITWISE_AND_OP_T(int)
DECL_BITWISE_AND_OP_T(uint64)
DECL_BITWISE_AND_OP_T(int64)

#undef DECL_BITWISE_AND_OP_T


// bitwise or

template <class X, class Y>
inline
X&
operator |= ( sc_proxy<X>& px, const sc_proxy<Y>& py );


template <class X, class Y>
inline
const sc_lv_base
operator | ( const sc_proxy<X>& px, const sc_proxy<Y>& py );


#define DECL_BITWISE_OR_OP_T(tp)                                              \
template <class X>                                                            \
inline                                                                        \
const sc_lv_base                                                              \
operator | ( tp a, const sc_proxy<X>& px );

DECL_BITWISE_OR_OP_T(const char*)
DECL_BITWISE_OR_OP_T(const bool*)
DECL_BITWISE_OR_OP_T(const sc_logic*)
DECL_BITWISE_OR_OP_T(const sc_unsigned&)
DECL_BITWISE_OR_OP_T(const sc_signed&)
DECL_BITWISE_OR_OP_T(const sc_uint_base&)
DECL_BITWISE_OR_OP_T(const sc_int_base&)
DECL_BITWISE_OR_OP_T(unsigned long)
DECL_BITWISE_OR_OP_T(long)
DECL_BITWISE_OR_OP_T(unsigned int)
DECL_BITWISE_OR_OP_T(int)
DECL_BITWISE_OR_OP_T(uint64)
DECL_BITWISE_OR_OP_T(int64)

#undef DECL_BITWISE_OR_OP_T


// bitwise xor

template <class X, class Y>
inline
X&
operator ^= ( sc_proxy<X>& px, const sc_proxy<Y>& py );


template <class X, class Y>
inline
const sc_lv_base
operator ^ ( const sc_proxy<X>& px, const sc_proxy<Y>& py );


#define DECL_BITWISE_XOR_OP_T(tp)                                             \
template <class X>                                                            \
inline                                                                        \
const sc_lv_base                                                              \
operator ^ ( tp a, const sc_proxy<X>& px );

DECL_BITWISE_XOR_OP_T(const char*)
DECL_BITWISE_XOR_OP_T(const bool*)
DECL_BITWISE_XOR_OP_T(const sc_logic*)
DECL_BITWISE_XOR_OP_T(const sc_unsigned&)
DECL_BITWISE_XOR_OP_T(const sc_signed&)
DECL_BITWISE_XOR_OP_T(const sc_uint_base&)
DECL_BITWISE_XOR_OP_T(const sc_int_base&)
DECL_BITWISE_XOR_OP_T(unsigned long)
DECL_BITWISE_XOR_OP_T(long)
DECL_BITWISE_XOR_OP_T(unsigned int)
DECL_BITWISE_XOR_OP_T(int)
DECL_BITWISE_XOR_OP_T(uint64)
DECL_BITWISE_XOR_OP_T(int64)

#undef DECL_BITWISE_XOR_OP_T


// relational operators

template <class X, class Y>
inline
bool
operator == ( const sc_proxy<X>& px, const sc_proxy<Y>& py );

template <class X, class Y>
inline
bool
operator != ( const sc_proxy<X>& px, const sc_proxy<Y>& py );


#define DECL_REL_OP_T(tp)                                                     \
template <class X>                                                            \
inline                                                                        \
bool                                                                          \
operator == ( tp b, const sc_proxy<X>& px );                                  \
                                                                              \
template <class X>                                                            \
inline                                                                        \
bool                                                                          \
operator != ( const sc_proxy<X>& px, tp b );                                  \
                                                                              \
template <class X>                                                            \
inline                                                                        \
bool                                                                          \
operator != ( tp b, const sc_proxy<X>& px );

DECL_REL_OP_T(const char*)
DECL_REL_OP_T(const bool*)
DECL_REL_OP_T(const sc_logic*)
DECL_REL_OP_T(const sc_unsigned&)
DECL_REL_OP_T(const sc_signed&)
DECL_REL_OP_T(const sc_uint_base&)
DECL_REL_OP_T(const sc_int_base&)
DECL_REL_OP_T(unsigned long)
DECL_REL_OP_T(long)
DECL_REL_OP_T(unsigned int)
DECL_REL_OP_T(int)
DECL_REL_OP_T(uint64)
DECL_REL_OP_T(int64)

#undef DECL_REL_OP_T


// l-value concatenation

// Due to the fact that temporary objects cannot be passed to non-const
// references, we have to enumerate, use call by value, and use dynamic
// memory allocation (and deallocation).


// IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

template <class X>
inline
void
get_words_( const X& x, int wi, sc_digit& x_dw, sc_digit& x_cw )
{
    x_dw = x.get_word( wi );
    x_cw = x.get_cword( wi );
}

template <class X>
inline
void
set_words_( X& x, int wi, sc_digit x_dw, sc_digit x_cw )
{
    x.set_word( wi, x_dw );
    x.set_cword( wi, x_cw );
}

template <class X>
inline
void
extend_sign_w_( X& x, int wi, bool sign )
{
    int sz = x.size();
    unsigned int sgn = (sign ? ~SC_DIGIT_ZERO : SC_DIGIT_ZERO);
    for( int i = wi; i < sz; ++ i ) {
        set_words_( x, i, sgn, SC_DIGIT_ZERO );
    }
}


// assignment functions

template <class X, class Y>
inline
void
assign_p_( sc_proxy<X>& px, const sc_proxy<Y>& py )
{
    if( (void*) &px != (void*) &py ) {
        X& x = px.back_cast();
        const Y& y = py.back_cast();
        int sz = x.size();
        int min_sz = sc_min( sz, y.size() );
        int i = 0;
        for( ; i < min_sz; ++ i ) {
            set_words_( x, i, y.get_word( i ), y.get_cword( i ) );
        }
        // extend with zeros
        extend_sign_w_( x, i, false );
        x.clean_tail();
    }
}

// Vector types that are not derived from sc_proxy, sc_int_base,
// sc_uint_base, sc_signed, or sc_unsigned, must have a length()
// function and an operator []. The vector argument type must support
// accessing bits that are beyond the msb. The vector argument type
// decides what to do there (e.g. sign extension or zero padding).

template <class X, class T>
inline
void
assign_v_( sc_proxy<X>& px, const T& a )
{
    X& x = px.back_cast();
    int i;
    int len_x = x.length();
    int len_a = a.length();
    if ( len_a > len_x ) len_a = len_x;
    for( i = 0 ; i < len_a; ++ i ) {
        x.set_bit( i, sc_logic_value_t( (bool) a[i] ) );
    }
    for( ; i < len_x; ++ i ) {
        x.set_bit( i, sc_logic_value_t( false ) );
    }
}

template <class X>
inline
void
assign_v_( sc_proxy<X>& px, const sc_int_base& a )
{
    X& x = px.back_cast();
        int i;
    bool sign = a < 0;
    int len_x = x.length();
    int len_a = a.length();
    if ( len_a > len_x ) len_a = len_x;
    for( i = 0 ; i < len_a; ++ i ) {
        x.set_bit( i, sc_logic_value_t( (bool) a[i] ) );
    }
    for( ; i < len_x; ++ i ) {
        x.set_bit( i, sc_logic_value_t( sign ) );
    }
}

template <class X>
inline
void
assign_v_( sc_proxy<X>& px, const sc_signed& a )
{
    X& x = px.back_cast();
        int i;
    bool sign = a < 0;
    int len_x = x.length();
    int len_a = a.length();
    if ( len_a > len_x ) len_a = len_x;
    for( i = 0 ; i < len_a; ++ i ) {
        x.set_bit( i, sc_logic_value_t( (bool) a[i] ) );
    }
    for( ; i < len_x; ++ i ) {
        x.set_bit( i, sc_logic_value_t( sign ) );
    }
}

template <class X>
inline
void
assign_v_( sc_proxy<X>& px, const sc_uint_base& a )
{
    X& x = px.back_cast();
        int i;
    int len_x = x.length();
    int len_a = a.length();
    if ( len_a > len_x ) len_a = len_x;
    for( i = 0 ; i < len_a; ++ i ) {
        x.set_bit( i, sc_logic_value_t( (bool) a[i] ) );
    }
    for( ; i < len_x; ++ i ) {
        x.set_bit( i, sc_logic_value_t( false ) );
    }
}

template <class X>
inline
void
assign_v_( sc_proxy<X>& px, const sc_unsigned& a )
{
    X& x = px.back_cast();
        int i;
    int len_x = x.length();
    int len_a = a.length();
    if ( len_a > len_x ) len_a = len_x;
    for( i = 0 ; i < len_a; ++ i ) {
        x.set_bit( i, sc_logic_value_t( (bool) a[i] ) );
    }
    for( ; i < len_x; ++ i ) {
        x.set_bit( i, sc_logic_value_t( false ) );
    }
}


// assignment operators

template <class X>
inline
X&
sc_proxy<X>::assign_( const char* a )
{
    X& x = back_cast();
    std::string s = convert_to_bin( a );
    int len = x.length();
    int s_len = s.length() - 1;
    int min_len = sc_min( len, s_len );
    int i = 0;
    for( ; i < min_len; ++ i ) {
        char c = s[s_len - i - 1];
        x.set_bit( i, sc_logic::char_to_logic[(int)c] );
    }
    // if formatted, fill the rest with sign(s), otherwise fill with zeros
    sc_logic_value_t fill = (s[s_len] == 'F' ? sc_logic_value_t( s[0] - '0' )
                                             : sc_logic_value_t( 0 ));
    for( ; i < len; ++ i ) {
        x.set_bit( i, fill );
    }
    return x;
}

template <class X>
inline
X&
sc_proxy<X>::assign_( const bool* a )
{
    // the length of 'a' must be larger than or equal to the length of 'this'
    X& x = back_cast();
    int len = x.length();
    for( int i = 0; i < len; ++ i ) {
        x.set_bit( i, sc_logic_value_t( a[i] ) );
    }
    return x;
}

template <class X>
inline
X&
sc_proxy<X>::assign_( const sc_logic* a )
{
    // the length of 'a' must be larger than or equal to the length of 'this'
    X& x = back_cast();
    int len = x.length();
    for( int i = 0; i < len; ++ i ) {
        x.set_bit( i, a[i].value() );
    }
    return x;
}

template <class X>
inline
X&
sc_proxy<X>::assign_( unsigned int a )
{
    X& x = back_cast();
    set_words_( x, 0, (sc_digit)a, SC_DIGIT_ZERO );
    // extend with zeros
    extend_sign_w_( x, 1, false );
    x.clean_tail();
    return x;
}

template <class X>
inline
X&
sc_proxy<X>::assign_( int a )
{
    X& x = back_cast();
    set_words_( x, 0, (sc_digit) a, SC_DIGIT_ZERO );
    // extend with sign(a)
    extend_sign_w_( x, 1, (a < 0) );
    x.clean_tail();
    return x;
}

#if defined(SC_LONG_64)
        template <class X>
        inline
        X&
        sc_proxy<X>::assign_( unsigned long a )
        {
                X& x = back_cast();
                set_words_( x, 0, ((sc_digit) a & ~SC_DIGIT_ZERO), SC_DIGIT_ZERO );
                if( x.size() > 1 ) {
                        set_words_( x, 1,
                                ((sc_digit) (a >> SC_DIGIT_SIZE) & ~SC_DIGIT_ZERO),
                                        SC_DIGIT_ZERO );
                // extend with zeros
                extend_sign_w_( x, 2, false );
                }
                x.clean_tail();
                return x;
        }

        template <class X>
        inline
        X&
        sc_proxy<X>::assign_( long a )
        {
                X& x = back_cast();
                set_words_( x, 0, ((sc_digit) a & ~SC_DIGIT_ZERO), SC_DIGIT_ZERO );
                if( x.size() > 1 ) {
                        set_words_( x, 1,
                                ((sc_digit) ((uint64) a >> SC_DIGIT_SIZE) & ~SC_DIGIT_ZERO),
                                SC_DIGIT_ZERO );
                // extend with sign(a)
                extend_sign_w_( x, 2, (a < 0) );
                }
                x.clean_tail();
                return x;
        }

#else
    template <class X>
    inline
    X&
    sc_proxy<X>::assign_( unsigned long a )
    {
        X& x = back_cast();
        set_words_( x, 0, (sc_digit)a, SC_DIGIT_ZERO );
        // extend with zeros
        extend_sign_w_( x, 1, false );
        x.clean_tail();
        return x;
    }

    template <class X>
    inline
    X&
    sc_proxy<X>::assign_( long a )
    {
        X& x = back_cast();
        set_words_( x, 0, (sc_digit) a, SC_DIGIT_ZERO );
        // extend with sign(a)
        extend_sign_w_( x, 1, (a < 0) );
        x.clean_tail();
        return x;
    }
#endif
template <class X>
inline
X&
sc_proxy<X>::assign_( uint64 a )
{
    X& x = back_cast();
    set_words_( x, 0, ((sc_digit) a & ~SC_DIGIT_ZERO), SC_DIGIT_ZERO );
    if( x.size() > 1 ) {
        set_words_( x, 1,
                    ((sc_digit) (a >> SC_DIGIT_SIZE) & ~SC_DIGIT_ZERO),
                    SC_DIGIT_ZERO );
        // extend with zeros
        extend_sign_w_( x, 2, false );
    }
    x.clean_tail();
    return x;
}

template <class X>
inline
X&
sc_proxy<X>::assign_( int64 a )
{
    X& x = back_cast();
    set_words_( x, 0, ((sc_digit) a & ~SC_DIGIT_ZERO), SC_DIGIT_ZERO );
    if( x.size() > 1 ) {
        set_words_( x, 1,
                    ((sc_digit) ((uint64) a >> SC_DIGIT_SIZE) & ~SC_DIGIT_ZERO),
                    SC_DIGIT_ZERO );
        // extend with sign(a)
        extend_sign_w_( x, 2, (a < 0) );
    }
    x.clean_tail();
    return x;
}


// bitwise operators and functions

// bitwise complement

template <class X>
inline
X&
sc_proxy<X>::b_not()
{
    X& x = back_cast();
    int sz = x.size();
    for( int i = 0; i < sz; ++ i ) {
        sc_digit x_dw, x_cw;
        get_words_( x, i, x_dw, x_cw );
        x.set_word( i, x_cw | ~x_dw );
    }
    x.clean_tail();
    return x;
}


// bitwise and

template <class X, class Y>
inline
X&
b_and_assign_( sc_proxy<X>& px, const sc_proxy<Y>& py )
{
    X& x = px.back_cast();
    const Y& y = py.back_cast();
    sc_assert( x.length() == y.length() );
    int sz = x.size();
    for( int i = 0; i < sz; ++ i ) {
        sc_digit x_dw, x_cw, y_dw, y_cw;
        get_words_( x, i, x_dw, x_cw );
        get_words_( y, i, y_dw, y_cw );
        sc_digit cw = (x_dw & y_cw) | (x_cw & y_dw) | (x_cw & y_cw);
        sc_digit dw = cw | (x_dw & y_dw);
        set_words_( x, i, dw, cw );
    }
    // tail cleaning not needed
    return x;
}


// bitwise or

template <class X, class Y>
inline
X&
b_or_assign_( sc_proxy<X>& px, const sc_proxy<Y>& py )
{
    X& x = px.back_cast();
    const Y& y = py.back_cast();
    sc_assert( x.length() == y.length() );
    int sz = x.size();
    for( int i = 0; i < sz; ++ i ) {
        sc_digit x_dw, x_cw, y_dw, y_cw;
        get_words_( x, i, x_dw, x_cw );
        get_words_( y, i, y_dw, y_cw );
        sc_digit cw = (x_cw & y_cw) | (x_cw & ~y_dw) | (~x_dw & y_cw);
        sc_digit dw = cw | x_dw | y_dw;
        set_words_( x, i, dw, cw );
    }
    // tail cleaning not needed
    return x;
}


// bitwise xor

template <class X, class Y>
inline
X&
b_xor_assign_( sc_proxy<X>& a, const sc_proxy<Y>& b )
{
    X& x = a.back_cast();
    const Y& y = b.back_cast();
    sc_assert( x.length() == y.length() );
    int sz = x.size();
    for( int i = 0; i < sz; ++ i ) {
        sc_digit x_dw, x_cw, y_dw, y_cw;
        get_words_( x, i, x_dw, x_cw );
        get_words_( y, i, y_dw, y_cw );
        sc_digit cw = x_cw | y_cw;
        sc_digit dw = cw | (x_dw ^ y_dw);
        set_words_( x, i, dw, cw );
    }
    // tail cleaning not needed
    return x;
}


// bitwise left shift

template <class X>
inline
X&
sc_proxy<X>::operator <<= ( int n )
{
    X& x = back_cast();
    if( n < 0 ) {
        sc_proxy_out_of_bounds( "left shift operation is only allowed with "
                                "positive shift values, shift value = ", n );
        return x;
    }
    if( n >= x.length() ) {
        extend_sign_w_( x, 0, false );
        // no tail cleaning needed
        return x;
    }
    int sz = x.size();
    int wn = n / SC_DIGIT_SIZE;
    int bn = n % SC_DIGIT_SIZE;
    if( wn != 0 ) {
        // shift words
        int i = sz - 1;
        for( ; i >= wn; -- i ) {
            set_words_( x, i, x.get_word( i - wn ), x.get_cword( i - wn ) );
        }
        for( ; i >= 0; -- i ) {
            set_words_( x, i, SC_DIGIT_ZERO, SC_DIGIT_ZERO );
        }
    }
    if( bn != 0 ) {
        // shift bits
        for( int i = sz - 1; i >= 1; -- i ) {
            sc_digit x_dw, x_cw;
            get_words_( x, i, x_dw, x_cw );
            x_dw <<= bn;
            x_dw |= x.get_word( i - 1 ) >> (SC_DIGIT_SIZE - bn);
            x_cw <<= bn;
            x_cw |= x.get_cword( i - 1 ) >> (SC_DIGIT_SIZE - bn);
            set_words_( x, i, x_dw, x_cw );
        }
        sc_digit x_dw, x_cw;
        get_words_( x, 0, x_dw, x_cw );
        x_dw <<= bn;
        x_cw <<= bn;
        set_words_( x, 0, x_dw, x_cw );
    }
    x.clean_tail();
    return x;
}


// bitwise right shift


template <class X>
inline
X&
sc_proxy<X>::operator >>= ( int n )
{
    X& x = back_cast();
    if( n < 0 ) {
        sc_proxy_out_of_bounds( "right shift operation is only allowed with "
                                "positive shift values, shift value = ", n );
        return x;
    }
    if( n >= x.length() ) {
        extend_sign_w_( x, 0, false );
        // no tail cleaning needed
        return x;
    }
    int sz = x.size();
    int wn = n / SC_DIGIT_SIZE;
    int bn = n % SC_DIGIT_SIZE;
    if( wn != 0 ) {
        // shift words
        int i = 0;
        for( ; i < (sz - wn); ++ i ) {
            set_words_( x, i, x.get_word( i + wn ), x.get_cword( i + wn ) );
        }
        for( ; i < sz; ++ i ) {
            set_words_( x, i, SC_DIGIT_ZERO, SC_DIGIT_ZERO );
        }
    }
    if( bn != 0 ) {
        // shift bits
        for( int i = 0; i < (sz - 1); ++ i ) {
            sc_digit x_dw, x_cw;
            get_words_( x, i, x_dw, x_cw );
            x_dw >>= bn;
            x_dw |= x.get_word( i + 1 ) << (SC_DIGIT_SIZE - bn);
            x_cw >>= bn;
            x_cw |= x.get_cword( i + 1 ) << (SC_DIGIT_SIZE - bn);
            set_words_( x, i, x_dw, x_cw );
        }
        sc_digit x_dw, x_cw;
        get_words_( x, sz - 1, x_dw, x_cw );
        x_dw >>= bn;
        x_cw >>= bn;
        set_words_( x, sz - 1, x_dw, x_cw );
    }
    x.clean_tail();
    return x;
}


// bitwise left rotate

template <class X>
inline
const sc_lv_base
lrotate( const sc_proxy<X>& x, int n );


// bitwise right rotate

template <class X>
inline
const sc_lv_base
rrotate( const sc_proxy<X>& x, int n );


// bitwise reverse

template <class X>
inline
X&
sc_proxy<X>::reverse()
{
    X& x = back_cast();
    int len = x.length();
    int half_len = len / 2;
    for( int i = 0, j = len - 1; i < half_len; ++ i, --j ) {
        value_type t = x.get_bit( i );
        x.set_bit( i, x.get_bit( j ) );
        x.set_bit( j, t );
    }
    return x;
}

template <class X>
inline
const sc_lv_base
reverse( const sc_proxy<X>& a );


// reduce functions

template <class X>
inline
typename sc_proxy<X>::value_type
sc_proxy<X>::and_reduce() const
{
    const X& x = back_cast();
    value_type result = value_type( 1 );
    int len = x.length();
    for( int i = 0; i < len; ++ i ) {
        result = sc_logic::and_table[result][x.get_bit( i )];
    }
    return result;
}

template <class X>
inline
typename sc_proxy<X>::value_type
sc_proxy<X>::or_reduce() const
{
    const X& x = back_cast();
    value_type result = value_type( 0 );
    int len = x.length();
    for( int i = 0; i < len; ++ i ) {
        result = sc_logic::or_table[result][x.get_bit( i )];
    }
    return result;
}

template <class X>
inline
typename sc_proxy<X>::value_type
sc_proxy<X>::xor_reduce() const
{
    const X& x = back_cast();
    value_type result = value_type( 0 );
    int len = x.length();
    for( int i = 0; i < len; ++ i ) {
        result = sc_logic::xor_table[result][x.get_bit( i )];
    }
    return result;
}


// relational operators

template <class X, class Y>
inline
bool
operator != ( const sc_proxy<X>& px, const sc_proxy<Y>& py )
{
    return !( px == py );
}


#define DEFN_REL_OP_T(tp)                                                     \
template <class X>                                                            \
inline                                                                        \
bool                                                                          \
operator == ( tp b, const sc_proxy<X>& px )                                   \
{                                                                             \
    return ( px == b );                                                       \
}                                                                             \
                                                                              \
template <class X>                                                            \
inline                                                                        \
bool                                                                          \
operator != ( const sc_proxy<X>& px, tp b )                                   \
{                                                                             \
    return !( px == b );                                                      \
}                                                                             \
                                                                              \
template <class X>                                                            \
inline                                                                        \
bool                                                                          \
operator != ( tp b, const sc_proxy<X>& px )                                   \
{                                                                             \
    return !( px == b );                                                      \
}

DEFN_REL_OP_T(const char*)
DEFN_REL_OP_T(const bool*)
DEFN_REL_OP_T(const sc_logic*)
DEFN_REL_OP_T(const sc_unsigned&)
DEFN_REL_OP_T(const sc_signed&)
DEFN_REL_OP_T(const sc_uint_base&)
DEFN_REL_OP_T(const sc_int_base&)
DEFN_REL_OP_T(unsigned long)
DEFN_REL_OP_T(long)
DEFN_REL_OP_T(unsigned int)
DEFN_REL_OP_T(int)
DEFN_REL_OP_T(uint64)
DEFN_REL_OP_T(int64)

#undef DEFN_REL_OP_T


// explicit conversions to character string

template <class X>
inline
const std::string
sc_proxy<X>::to_string() const
{
    const X& x = back_cast();
    int len = x.length();
    std::string s; // ( len + 1 );
    for( int i = 0; i < len; ++ i ) {
        s += sc_logic::logic_to_char[x.get_bit( len - i - 1 )];
    }
    return s;
}

template <class X>
inline
const std::string
sc_proxy<X>::to_string( sc_numrep numrep ) const
{
    return convert_to_fmt( to_string(), numrep, true );
}

template <class X>
inline
const std::string
sc_proxy<X>::to_string( sc_numrep numrep, bool w_prefix ) const
{
    return convert_to_fmt( to_string(), numrep, w_prefix );
}


// other methods

template <class X>
inline
void
sc_proxy<X>::scan( ::std::istream& is )
{
    std::string s;
    is >> s;
    back_cast() = s.c_str();
}


template <class X>
inline
void
sc_proxy<X>::check_bounds( int n ) const  // check if bit n accessible
{
    if( n < 0 || n >= back_cast().length() ) {
        sc_proxy_out_of_bounds(NULL, n);
        sc_core::sc_abort(); // can't recover from here
    }
}

template <class X>
inline
void
sc_proxy<X>::check_wbounds( int n ) const  // check if word n accessible
{
    if( n < 0 || n >= back_cast().size() ) {
        sc_proxy_out_of_bounds(NULL, n);
        sc_core::sc_abort(); // can't recover from here
    }
}


template <class X>
inline
sc_digit
sc_proxy<X>::to_anything_unsigned() const
{
    // only 0 word is returned
    // can't convert logic values other than 0 and 1
    const X& x = back_cast();
    int len = x.length();
    if( x.get_cword( 0 ) != SC_DIGIT_ZERO ) {
        SC_REPORT_WARNING( sc_core::SC_ID_VECTOR_CONTAINS_LOGIC_VALUE_, 0 );
    }
    sc_digit w = x.get_word( 0 );
    if( len >= SC_DIGIT_SIZE ) {
        return w;
    }
    return ( w & (~SC_DIGIT_ZERO >> (SC_DIGIT_SIZE - len)) );
}

template <class X>
inline
uint64
sc_proxy<X>::to_uint64() const
{
    // words 1 and 0 returned.
    // can't convert logic values other than 0 and 1
    const X& x = back_cast();
    int len = x.length();
    if( x.get_cword( 0 ) != SC_DIGIT_ZERO ) {
        SC_REPORT_WARNING( sc_core::SC_ID_VECTOR_CONTAINS_LOGIC_VALUE_, 0 );
    }
    uint64 w = x.get_word( 0 );
    if( len > SC_DIGIT_SIZE )
    {
        if( x.get_cword( 1 ) != SC_DIGIT_ZERO ) {
            SC_REPORT_WARNING( sc_core::SC_ID_VECTOR_CONTAINS_LOGIC_VALUE_, 0 );
        }
        uint64 w1 = x.get_word( 1 );
        w = w | (w1 << SC_DIGIT_SIZE);
        return w;
    }
    else if( len == SC_DIGIT_SIZE )
    {
        return w;
    }
    else
    {
        return ( w & (~SC_DIGIT_ZERO >> (SC_DIGIT_SIZE - len)) );
    }
}

template <class X>
inline
int64
sc_proxy<X>::to_anything_signed() const
{
    const X& x = back_cast();
    int len = x.length();
    int64 w = 0;

    if( len > SC_DIGIT_SIZE )
    {
        if( x.get_cword( 1 ) != SC_DIGIT_ZERO )
            SC_REPORT_WARNING( sc_core::SC_ID_VECTOR_CONTAINS_LOGIC_VALUE_, 0 );
        w = x.get_word(1);
    }
    if( x.get_cword( 0 ) != SC_DIGIT_ZERO )
        SC_REPORT_WARNING( sc_core::SC_ID_VECTOR_CONTAINS_LOGIC_VALUE_, 0 );
    w = (w << SC_DIGIT_SIZE) | x.get_word( 0 );
    if( len >= 64 ) {
        return w;
    }

    uint64 zero = 0;
    value_type sgn = x.get_bit( len - 1 );
    if( sgn == 0 ) {
        return (int64)( w & (~zero >> (64 - len)) );
    } else {
        return (int64)( w | (~zero << len) );
    }
}


// functional notation for the reduce methods

template <class X>
inline
typename sc_proxy<X>::value_type
and_reduce( const sc_proxy<X>& a )
{
    return a.and_reduce();
}

template <class X>
inline
typename sc_proxy<X>::value_type
nand_reduce( const sc_proxy<X>& a )
{
    return a.nand_reduce();
}

template <class X>
inline
typename sc_proxy<X>::value_type
or_reduce( const sc_proxy<X>& a )
{
    return a.or_reduce();
}

template <class X>
inline
typename sc_proxy<X>::value_type
nor_reduce( const sc_proxy<X>& a )
{
    return a.nor_reduce();
}

template <class X>
inline
typename sc_proxy<X>::value_type
xor_reduce( const sc_proxy<X>& a )
{
    return a.xor_reduce();
}

template <class X>
inline
typename sc_proxy<X>::value_type
xnor_reduce( const sc_proxy<X>& a )
{
    return a.xnor_reduce();
}


template <class X>
inline
::std::ostream&
operator << ( ::std::ostream& os, const sc_proxy<X>& a )
{
    a.print( os );
    return os;
}

template <class X>
inline
::std::istream&
operator >> ( ::std::istream& is, sc_proxy<X>& a )
{
    a.scan( is );
    return is;
}

} // namespace sc_dt


#endif