sc_signed.h

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  with this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
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  (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the
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/*****************************************************************************

  sc_signed.h -- Arbitrary precision signed arithmetic.
*/
/*****************************************************************************

  MODIFICATION LOG - modifiers, enter your name, affiliation, date and
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// $Log: sc_signed.h,v $
// Revision 1.3  2011/08/24 22:05:46  acg
//  Torsten Maehne: initialization changes to remove warnings.
//
// Revision 1.2  2011/02/18 20:19:15  acg
//  Andy Goodrich: updating Copyright notice.
//
// Revision 1.1.1.1  2006/12/15 20:20:05  acg
// SystemC 2.3
//
// Revision 1.5  2006/05/08 17:50:01  acg
//   Andy Goodrich: Added David Long's declarations for friend operators,
//   functions, and methods, to keep the Microsoft compiler happy.
//
// Revision 1.4  2006/03/13 20:25:27  acg
//  Andy Goodrich: Addition of function declarations, e.g., xor_signed_friend()
//  to keep gcc 4.x happy.
//
// Revision 1.3  2006/01/13 18:49:32  acg
// Added $Log command so that CVS check in comments are reproduced in the
// source.
//

#ifndef SC_SIGNED_H
#define SC_SIGNED_H


#include "sysc/kernel/sc_object.h"
#include "sysc/datatypes/misc/sc_value_base.h"
#include "sysc/utils/sc_temporary.h"
#include "sysc/datatypes/int/sc_length_param.h"
#include "sysc/datatypes/int/sc_nbdefs.h"
#include "sysc/datatypes/int/sc_nbutils.h"
#include "sysc/datatypes/int/sc_nbexterns.h"
#include "sysc/datatypes/int/sc_unsigned.h"


namespace sc_dt
{

// classes defined in this module
class sc_signed_bitref_r;
class sc_signed_bitref;
class sc_signed_subref_r;
class sc_signed_subref;
class sc_concatref;
class sc_signed;

// forward class declarations
class sc_bv_base;
class sc_lv_base;
class sc_int_base;
class sc_uint_base;
class sc_int_subref_r;
class sc_uint_subref_r;
class sc_signed;
class sc_unsigned;
class sc_unsigned_subref_r;
class sc_fxval;
class sc_fxval_fast;
class sc_fxnum;
class sc_fxnum_fast;

} // namespace sc_dt

// extern template instantiations
namespace sc_core {
SC_API_TEMPLATE_DECL_ sc_vpool<sc_dt::sc_signed_bitref>;
SC_API_TEMPLATE_DECL_ sc_vpool<sc_dt::sc_signed_subref>;
} // namespace sc_core

namespace sc_dt {

// Helper function declarations
sc_signed add_signed_friend(small_type us,
                                     int unb,
                                     int und,
                                     const sc_digit *ud,
                                     small_type vs,
                                     int vnb,
                                     int vnd,
                                     const sc_digit *vd);

sc_signed sub_signed_friend(small_type us,
                                     int unb,
                                     int und,
                                     const sc_digit *ud,
                                     small_type vs,
                                     int vnb,
                                     int vnd,
                                     const sc_digit *vd);

sc_signed mul_signed_friend(small_type s,
                                     int unb,
                                     int und,
                                     const sc_digit *ud,
                                     int vnb,
                                     int vnd,
                                     const sc_digit *vd);

sc_signed div_signed_friend(small_type s,
                                     int unb,
                                     int und,
                                     const sc_digit *ud,
                                     int vnb,
                                     int vnd,
                                     const sc_digit *vd);

sc_signed mod_signed_friend(small_type us,
                                     int unb,
                                     int und,
                                     const sc_digit *ud,
                                     int vnb,
                                     int vnd,
                                     const sc_digit *vd);

sc_signed and_signed_friend(small_type us,
                                     int unb,
                                     int und,
                                     const sc_digit *ud,
                                     small_type vs,
                                     int vnb,
                                     int vnd,
                                     const sc_digit *vd);

sc_signed or_signed_friend(small_type us,
                                    int unb,
                                    int und,
                                    const sc_digit *ud,
                                    small_type vs,
                                    int vnb,
                                    int vnd,
                                    const sc_digit *vd);

sc_signed xor_signed_friend(small_type us,
                                     int unb,
                                     int und,
                                     const sc_digit *ud,
                                     small_type vs,
                                     int vnb,
                                     int vnd,
                                     const sc_digit *vd);


// friend operator declarations
  // ARITHMETIC OPERATORS:

  // ADDition operators:

  SC_API sc_signed operator + (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator + (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator + (const sc_unsigned&  u, int64               v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator + (const sc_unsigned&  u, long                v);
  inline sc_signed operator + (const sc_unsigned&  u, int                 v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator + (int64               u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator + (long                u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  inline sc_signed operator + (int                 u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator + (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator + (const sc_signed&    u, int64               v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator + (const sc_signed&    u, uint64              v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator + (const sc_signed&    u, long                v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator + (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned long       v);
  inline sc_signed operator + (const sc_signed&    u, int                 v);
  inline sc_signed operator + (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned int        v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator + (int64               u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator + (uint64              u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator + (long                u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator + (unsigned long       u, const sc_signed&    v);
  inline sc_signed operator + (int                 u, const sc_signed&    v);
  inline sc_signed operator + (unsigned int        u, const sc_signed&    v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator + (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator + (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator + (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator + (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_uint_base& v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator + (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator + (const sc_uint_base& u, const sc_signed&    v);



  // SUBtraction operators:

  SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_unsigned&  u, int64               v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_unsigned&  u, uint64              v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_unsigned&  u, long                v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_unsigned&  u, unsigned long       v);
  inline sc_signed operator - (const sc_unsigned&  u, int                v);
  inline sc_signed operator - (const sc_unsigned&  u, unsigned int       v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator - (int64               u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator - (uint64              u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator - (long                u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator - (unsigned long       u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  inline sc_signed operator - (int                 u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  inline sc_signed operator - (unsigned int        u, const sc_unsigned& v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_signed&    u, int64               v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_signed&    u, uint64              v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_signed&    u, long                v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned long       v);
  inline sc_signed operator - (const sc_signed&    u, int                 v);
  inline sc_signed operator - (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned int        v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator - (int64               u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator - (uint64              u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator - (long                u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator - (unsigned long       u, const sc_signed&    v);
  inline sc_signed operator - (int                 u, const sc_signed&    v);
  inline sc_signed operator - (unsigned int        u, const sc_signed&    v);


  SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_uint_base& v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_uint_base& u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_uint_base& v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_uint_base& u, const sc_signed&    v);



  // MULtiplication operators:

  SC_API sc_signed operator * (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator * (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator * (const sc_unsigned&  u, int64               v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator * (const sc_unsigned&  u, long                v);
  inline sc_signed operator * (const sc_unsigned&  u, int                 v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator * (int64               u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator * (long                u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  inline sc_signed operator * (int                 u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator * (const sc_signed&  u, const sc_signed&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator * (const sc_signed&  u, int64             v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator * (const sc_signed&  u, uint64            v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator * (const sc_signed&  u, long              v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator * (const sc_signed&  u, unsigned long     v);
  inline sc_signed operator * (const sc_signed&  u, int               v);
  inline sc_signed operator * (const sc_signed&  u, unsigned int      v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator * (int64             u, const sc_signed&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator * (uint64            u, const sc_signed&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator * (long              u, const sc_signed&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator * (unsigned long     u, const sc_signed&  v);
  inline sc_signed operator * (int               u, const sc_signed&  v);
  inline sc_signed operator * (unsigned int      u, const sc_signed&  v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator * (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator * (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator * (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator * (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_uint_base& v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator * (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator * (const sc_uint_base& u, const sc_signed&    v);



  // DIVision operators:

  SC_API sc_signed operator / (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator / (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator / (const sc_unsigned&  u, int64               v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator / (const sc_unsigned&  u, long                v);
  inline sc_signed operator / (const sc_unsigned&  u, int                 v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator / (int64               u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator / (long                u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  inline sc_signed operator / (int                 u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator / (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator / (const sc_signed&    u, int64               v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator / (const sc_signed&    u, uint64              v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator / (const sc_signed&    u, long                v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator / (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned long       v);
  inline sc_signed operator / (const sc_signed&    u, int                 v);
  inline sc_signed operator / (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned int        v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator / (int64               u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator / (uint64              u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator / (long                u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator / (unsigned long       u, const sc_signed&    v);
  inline sc_signed operator / (int                 u, const sc_signed&    v);
  inline sc_signed operator / (unsigned int        u, const sc_signed&    v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator / (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator / (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator / (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator / (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_uint_base& v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator / (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator / (const sc_uint_base& u, const sc_signed&    v);



  // MODulo operators:

  SC_API sc_signed operator % (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator % (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator % (const sc_unsigned&  u, int64               v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator % (const sc_unsigned&  u, long                v);
  inline sc_signed operator % (const sc_unsigned&  u, int                 v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator % (int64               u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator % (long                u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  inline sc_signed operator % (int                 u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator % (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator % (const sc_signed&    u, int64               v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator % (const sc_signed&    u, uint64              v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator % (const sc_signed&    u, long                v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator % (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned long       v);
  inline sc_signed operator % (const sc_signed&    u, int                 v);
  inline sc_signed operator % (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned int        v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator % (int64               u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator % (uint64              u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator % (long                u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator % (unsigned long       u, const sc_signed&    v);
  inline sc_signed operator % (int                 u, const sc_signed&    v);
  inline sc_signed operator % (unsigned int        u, const sc_signed&    v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator % (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator % (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator % (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator % (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_uint_base& v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator % (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator % (const sc_uint_base& u, const sc_signed&    v);



  // BITWISE OPERATORS:

  // Bitwise AND operators:

  SC_API sc_signed operator & (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator & (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator & (const sc_unsigned&  u, int64               v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator & (const sc_unsigned&  u, long                v);
  inline sc_signed operator & (const sc_unsigned&  u, int                 v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator & (int64               u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator & (long                u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  inline sc_signed operator & (int                 u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator & (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator & (const sc_signed&    u, int64               v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator & (const sc_signed&    u, uint64              v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator & (const sc_signed&    u, long                v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator & (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned long       v);
  inline sc_signed operator & (const sc_signed&    u, int                 v);
  inline sc_signed operator & (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned int        v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator & (int64             u, const sc_signed&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator & (uint64            u, const sc_signed&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator & (long              u, const sc_signed&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator & (unsigned long     u, const sc_signed&  v);
  inline sc_signed operator & (int               u, const sc_signed&  v);
  inline sc_signed operator & (unsigned int      u, const sc_signed&  v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator & (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator & (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator & (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator & (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_uint_base& v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator & (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator & (const sc_uint_base& u, const sc_signed&    v);



  // Bitwise OR operators:

  SC_API sc_signed operator | (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator | (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator | (const sc_unsigned&  u, int64               v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator | (const sc_unsigned&  u, long                v);
  inline sc_signed operator | (const sc_unsigned&  u, int                 v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator | (int64               u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator | (long                u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  inline sc_signed operator | (int                 u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator | (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator | (const sc_signed&    u, int64               v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator | (const sc_signed&    u, uint64              v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator | (const sc_signed&    u, long                v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator | (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned long       v);
  inline sc_signed operator | (const sc_signed&    u, int                 v);
  inline sc_signed operator | (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned int        v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator | (int64             u, const sc_signed&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator | (uint64            u, const sc_signed&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator | (long              u, const sc_signed&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator | (unsigned long     u, const sc_signed&  v);
  inline sc_signed operator | (int               u, const sc_signed&  v);
  inline sc_signed operator | (unsigned int      u, const sc_signed&  v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator | (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator | (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator | (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator | (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_uint_base& v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator | (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator | (const sc_uint_base& u, const sc_signed&    v);



  // Bitwise XOR operators:

  SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (const sc_unsigned&  u, int64               v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (const sc_unsigned&  u, long                v);
  inline sc_signed operator ^ (const sc_unsigned&  u, int                 v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (int64               u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (long                u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  inline sc_signed operator ^ (int                 u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (const sc_signed&    u, int64               v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (const sc_signed&    u, uint64              v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (const sc_signed&    u, long                v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned long       v);
  inline sc_signed operator ^ (const sc_signed&    u, int                 v);
  inline sc_signed operator ^ (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned int        v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (int64             u, const sc_signed&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (uint64            u, const sc_signed&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (long              u, const sc_signed&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (unsigned long     u, const sc_signed&  v);
  inline sc_signed operator ^ (int               u, const sc_signed&  v);
  inline sc_signed operator ^ (unsigned int      u, const sc_signed&  v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_uint_base& v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (const sc_uint_base& u, const sc_signed&    v);



  // SHIFT OPERATORS:

  // LEFT SHIFT operators:

  SC_API sc_unsigned operator << (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
    SC_API sc_signed operator << (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

    SC_API sc_signed operator << (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_signed&    v);
    SC_API sc_signed operator << (const sc_signed&    u, int64               v);
    SC_API sc_signed operator << (const sc_signed&    u, uint64              v);
    SC_API sc_signed operator << (const sc_signed&    u, long                v);
    SC_API sc_signed operator << (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned long       v);
  inline   sc_signed operator << (const sc_signed&    u, int                 v);
  inline   sc_signed operator << (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned int        v);

    SC_API sc_signed operator << (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_int_base&  v);
    SC_API sc_signed operator << (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_uint_base& v);



  // RIGHT SHIFT operators:

  SC_API sc_unsigned operator >> (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
    SC_API sc_signed operator >> (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

    SC_API sc_signed operator >> (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_signed&    v);
    SC_API sc_signed operator >> (const sc_signed&    u, int64               v);
    SC_API sc_signed operator >> (const sc_signed&    u, uint64              v);
    SC_API sc_signed operator >> (const sc_signed&    u, long                v);
    SC_API sc_signed operator >> (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned long       v);
  inline   sc_signed operator >> (const sc_signed&    u, int                 v);
  inline   sc_signed operator >> (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned int        v);

  SC_API sc_signed operator >> (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  SC_API sc_signed operator >> (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_uint_base& v);



  // Unary arithmetic operators
  SC_API sc_signed operator + (const sc_signed&   u);
  SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_signed&   u);
  SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_unsigned& u);

  // LOGICAL OPERATORS:

  // Logical EQUAL operators:

  SC_API bool operator == (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API bool operator == (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  SC_API bool operator == (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API bool operator == (const sc_signed&    u, int64               v);
  SC_API bool operator == (const sc_signed&    u, uint64              v);
  SC_API bool operator == (const sc_signed&    u, long                v);
  SC_API bool operator == (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned long       v);
  inline bool operator == (const sc_signed&    u, int                 v);
  inline bool operator == (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned int        v);

  SC_API bool operator == (int64               u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API bool operator == (uint64              u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API bool operator == (long                u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API bool operator == (unsigned long       u, const sc_signed&    v);
  inline bool operator == (int                 u, const sc_signed&    v);
  inline bool operator == (unsigned int        u, const sc_signed&    v);

  SC_API bool operator == (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  SC_API bool operator == (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_uint_base& v);
  SC_API bool operator == (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API bool operator == (const sc_uint_base& u, const sc_signed&    v);

  // Logical NOT_EQUAL operators:

  SC_API bool operator != (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API bool operator != (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  SC_API bool operator != (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API bool operator != (const sc_signed&    u, int64               v);
  SC_API bool operator != (const sc_signed&    u, uint64              v);
  SC_API bool operator != (const sc_signed&    u, long                v);
  SC_API bool operator != (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned long       v);
  inline bool operator != (const sc_signed&    u, int                 v);
  inline bool operator != (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned int        v);

  SC_API bool operator != (int64               u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API bool operator != (uint64              u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API bool operator != (long                u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API bool operator != (unsigned long       u, const sc_signed&    v);
  inline bool operator != (int                 u, const sc_signed&    v);
  inline bool operator != (unsigned int        u, const sc_signed&    v);

  SC_API bool operator != (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  SC_API bool operator != (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_uint_base& v);
  SC_API bool operator != (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API bool operator != (const sc_uint_base& u, const sc_signed&    v);

  // Logical LESS_THAN operators:

  SC_API bool operator < (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API bool operator < (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  SC_API bool operator < (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API bool operator < (const sc_signed&    u, int64               v);
  SC_API bool operator < (const sc_signed&    u, uint64              v);
  SC_API bool operator < (const sc_signed&    u, long                v);
  SC_API bool operator < (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned long       v);
  inline bool operator < (const sc_signed&    u, int                 v);
  inline bool operator < (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned int        v);

  SC_API bool operator < (int64               u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API bool operator < (uint64              u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API bool operator < (long                u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API bool operator < (unsigned long       u, const sc_signed&    v);
  inline bool operator < (int                 u, const sc_signed&    v);
  inline bool operator < (unsigned int        u, const sc_signed&    v);

  SC_API bool operator < (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  SC_API bool operator < (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_uint_base& v);
  SC_API bool operator < (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API bool operator < (const sc_uint_base& u, const sc_signed&    v);

  // Logical LESS_THAN_AND_EQUAL operators:

  SC_API bool operator <= (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API bool operator <= (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  SC_API bool operator <= (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API bool operator <= (const sc_signed&    u, int64               v);
  SC_API bool operator <= (const sc_signed&    u, uint64              v);
  SC_API bool operator <= (const sc_signed&    u, long                v);
  SC_API bool operator <= (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned long       v);
  inline bool operator <= (const sc_signed&    u, int                 v);
  inline bool operator <= (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned int        v);

  SC_API bool operator <= (int64               u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API bool operator <= (uint64              u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API bool operator <= (long                u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API bool operator <= (unsigned long       u, const sc_signed&    v);
  inline bool operator <= (int                 u, const sc_signed&    v);
  inline bool operator <= (unsigned int        u, const sc_signed&    v);

  SC_API bool operator <= (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  SC_API bool operator <= (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_uint_base& v);
  SC_API bool operator <= (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API bool operator <= (const sc_uint_base& u, const sc_signed&    v);

  // Logical GREATER_THAN operators:

  SC_API bool operator > (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API bool operator > (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  SC_API bool operator > (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API bool operator > (const sc_signed&    u, int64               v);
  SC_API bool operator > (const sc_signed&    u, uint64              v);
  SC_API bool operator > (const sc_signed&    u, long                v);
  SC_API bool operator > (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned long       v);
  inline bool operator > (const sc_signed&    u, int                 v);
  inline bool operator > (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned int        v);

  SC_API bool operator > (int64               u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API bool operator > (uint64              u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API bool operator > (long                u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API bool operator > (unsigned long       u, const sc_signed&    v);
  inline bool operator > (int                 u, const sc_signed&    v);
  inline bool operator > (unsigned int        u, const sc_signed&    v);

  SC_API bool operator > (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  SC_API bool operator > (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_uint_base& v);
  SC_API bool operator > (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API bool operator > (const sc_uint_base& u, const sc_signed&    v);

  // Logical GREATER_THAN_AND_EQUAL operators:

  SC_API bool operator >= (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API bool operator >= (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  SC_API bool operator >= (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API bool operator >= (const sc_signed&    u, int64               v);
  SC_API bool operator >= (const sc_signed&    u, uint64              v);
  SC_API bool operator >= (const sc_signed&    u, long                v);
  SC_API bool operator >= (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned long       v);
  inline bool operator >= (const sc_signed&    u, int                 v);
  inline bool operator >= (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned int        v);

  SC_API bool operator >= (int64               u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API bool operator >= (uint64              u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API bool operator >= (long                u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API bool operator >= (unsigned long       u, const sc_signed&    v);
  inline bool operator >= (int                 u, const sc_signed&    v);
  inline bool operator >= (unsigned int        u, const sc_signed&    v);

  SC_API bool operator >= (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  SC_API bool operator >= (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_uint_base& v);
  SC_API bool operator >= (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  SC_API bool operator >= (const sc_uint_base& u, const sc_signed&    v);

  // Bitwise NOT operator (unary).
  SC_API sc_signed operator ~ (const sc_signed& u);

class SC_API sc_signed_bitref_r : public sc_value_base
{
    friend class sc_signed;

protected:

    // constructor

    sc_signed_bitref_r() : sc_value_base(), m_index(0), m_obj_p(0)
        {}

    void initialize( const sc_signed* obj_p, int index_ )
        {
            m_index = index_;
            m_obj_p = ( const_cast<sc_signed*>( obj_p ) );
        }

public:

    // destructor

    virtual ~sc_signed_bitref_r()
        {}

    // copy constructor

    sc_signed_bitref_r( const sc_signed_bitref_r& a )
        : sc_value_base(a), m_index( a.m_index ), m_obj_p( a.m_obj_p )
        {}

    // capacity

    int length() const
        { return 1; }


    // implicit conversion to bool

    operator uint64 () const;
    bool operator ! () const;
    bool operator ~ () const;


    // explicit conversions

    bool value() const
        { return operator uint64(); }

    bool to_bool() const
        { return operator uint64(); }

    // concatenation support

    virtual int concat_length(bool* xz_present_p) const
        { if ( xz_present_p ) *xz_present_p = false; return 1; }
    virtual uint64 concat_get_uint64() const
        { return (uint64)operator uint64(); }
    virtual bool concat_get_ctrl( sc_digit* dst_p, int low_i ) const
        {
            int  bit_mask = 1 << (low_i % BITS_PER_DIGIT);
            int  word_i = low_i / BITS_PER_DIGIT;
            dst_p[word_i] &= ~bit_mask;
            return false;
        }
    virtual bool concat_get_data( sc_digit* dst_p, int low_i ) const
        {
            int  bit_mask = 1 << (low_i % BITS_PER_DIGIT);
            bool result;        // True if non-zero.
            int  word_i = low_i / BITS_PER_DIGIT;
            if ( operator uint64() )
            {
                dst_p[word_i] |= bit_mask;
                result = true;
            }
            else
            {
                dst_p[word_i] &= ~bit_mask;
                result = false;
            }
            return result;
        }


    // other methods

    void print( ::std::ostream& os = ::std::cout ) const
        { os << to_bool(); }

protected:

    int        m_index;  // Bit to be selected.
    sc_signed* m_obj_p;  // Target of this bit selection.

private:

    // disabled
    const sc_signed_bitref_r& operator = ( const sc_signed_bitref_r& );
};



inline
::std::ostream&
operator << ( ::std::ostream&, const sc_signed_bitref_r& );


class SC_API sc_signed_bitref
    : public sc_signed_bitref_r
{
    friend class sc_signed;
    friend class sc_core::sc_vpool<sc_signed_bitref>;


    // constructor

protected:

    sc_signed_bitref() : sc_signed_bitref_r()
        {}

public:

    // copy constructor

    sc_signed_bitref( const sc_signed_bitref& a )
        : sc_signed_bitref_r( a )
        {}

    // assignment operators

    const sc_signed_bitref& operator = ( const sc_signed_bitref_r& );
    const sc_signed_bitref& operator = ( const sc_signed_bitref& );
    const sc_signed_bitref& operator = ( bool );

    const sc_signed_bitref& operator &= ( bool );
    const sc_signed_bitref& operator |= ( bool );
    const sc_signed_bitref& operator ^= ( bool );

    // concatenation methods

    virtual void concat_set(int64 src, int low_i);
    virtual void concat_set(const sc_signed& src, int low_i);
    virtual void concat_set(const sc_unsigned& src, int low_i);
    virtual void concat_set(uint64 src, int low_i);


    // other methods

    void scan( ::std::istream& is = ::std::cin );

protected:
    static sc_core::sc_vpool<sc_signed_bitref> m_pool;
};



inline
::std::istream&
operator >> ( ::std::istream&, sc_signed_bitref& );


class SC_API sc_signed_subref_r : public sc_value_base
{
    friend class sc_signed;
    friend class sc_signed_signal;
    friend class sc_unsigned;

protected:

    // constructor

    sc_signed_subref_r() : sc_value_base(), m_left(0), m_obj_p(0), m_right(0)
        {}

    void initialize( const sc_signed* obj_p, int left_, int right_ )
        {
            m_obj_p = ( const_cast<sc_signed*>( obj_p ));
            m_left = left_;
            m_right = right_;
        }


public:

    // destructor

    virtual ~sc_signed_subref_r()
        {}

    // copy constructor

    sc_signed_subref_r( const sc_signed_subref_r& a )
        : sc_value_base(a), m_left( a.m_left ), m_obj_p( a.m_obj_p ),
          m_right( a.m_right )
        {}


    // capacity

    int length() const
        { return m_left >= m_right ? (m_left-m_right+1) : (m_right-m_left+1 ); }


    // implicit conversion to sc_unsigned

    operator sc_unsigned () const;


    // explicit conversions

    int           to_int() const;
    unsigned int  to_uint() const;
    long          to_long() const;
    unsigned long to_ulong() const;
    int64         to_int64() const;
    uint64        to_uint64() const;
    double        to_double() const;


    // explicit conversion to character string

    const std::string to_string( sc_numrep numrep = SC_DEC ) const;
    const std::string to_string( sc_numrep numrep, bool w_prefix ) const;

    // concatenation support

    virtual int concat_length(bool* xz_present_p) const
        {
            if ( xz_present_p ) *xz_present_p = false;
            return m_left - m_right + 1;
        }
    virtual uint64 concat_get_uint64() const;
    virtual bool concat_get_ctrl( sc_digit* dst_p, int low_i ) const;
    virtual bool concat_get_data( sc_digit* dst_p, int low_i ) const;

    // reduce methods

    bool and_reduce() const;
    bool nand_reduce() const;
    bool or_reduce() const;
    bool nor_reduce() const;
    bool xor_reduce() const ;
    bool xnor_reduce() const;


    // other methods

    void print( ::std::ostream& os = ::std::cout ) const
        { os << to_string(sc_io_base(os,SC_DEC),sc_io_show_base(os)); }

protected:

    int        m_left;   // Left-most bit in this part selection.
    sc_signed* m_obj_p;  // Target of this part selection.
    int        m_right;  // Right-most bit in this part selection.

private:
    const sc_signed_subref_r& operator = ( const sc_signed_subref_r& );

};



inline
::std::ostream&
operator << ( ::std::ostream&, const sc_signed_subref_r& );


class SC_API sc_signed_subref
    : public sc_signed_subref_r
{
    friend class sc_signed;
    friend class sc_core::sc_vpool<sc_signed_subref>;


    // constructor

    sc_signed_subref() : sc_signed_subref_r()
        {}

public:

    // copy constructor

    sc_signed_subref( const sc_signed_subref& a )
        : sc_signed_subref_r( a )
        {}


    // assignment operators

    const sc_signed_subref& operator = ( const sc_signed_subref_r& a );
    const sc_signed_subref& operator = ( const sc_signed_subref& a );
    const sc_signed_subref& operator = ( const sc_signed& a );

    const sc_signed_subref& operator = ( const sc_unsigned_subref_r& a );
    const sc_signed_subref& operator = ( const sc_unsigned& a );

    template< class T >
    const sc_signed_subref& operator = ( const sc_generic_base<T>& a )
    {
        sc_unsigned temp( length() );
        a->to_sc_unsigned(temp);
        return operator = (temp);
    }

    const sc_signed_subref& operator = ( const char* a );
    const sc_signed_subref& operator = ( unsigned long a );
    const sc_signed_subref& operator = ( long a );
    const sc_signed_subref& operator = ( unsigned int a )
        { return operator = ( (unsigned long) a ); }

    const sc_signed_subref& operator = ( int a )
        { return operator = ( (long) a ); }

    const sc_signed_subref& operator = ( uint64 a );
    const sc_signed_subref& operator = ( int64 a );
    const sc_signed_subref& operator = ( double a );
    const sc_signed_subref& operator = ( const sc_int_base& a );
    const sc_signed_subref& operator = ( const sc_uint_base& a );

    // concatenation methods

    virtual void concat_set(int64 src, int low_i);
    virtual void concat_set(const sc_signed& src, int low_i);
    virtual void concat_set(const sc_unsigned& src, int low_i);
    virtual void concat_set(uint64 src, int low_i);

    // other methods

    void scan( ::std::istream& is = ::std::cin );

protected:
    static sc_core::sc_vpool<sc_signed_subref> m_pool;
};



inline
::std::istream&
operator >> ( ::std::istream&, sc_signed_subref& );


class SC_API sc_signed : public sc_value_base
{
    friend class sc_concatref;
    friend class sc_signed_bitref_r;
    friend class sc_signed_bitref;
    friend class sc_signed_subref_r;
    friend class sc_signed_subref;
    friend class sc_unsigned;
    friend class sc_unsigned_subref;

    // Needed for types using sc_signed.
    typedef bool elemtype;

    void invalid_init( const char* type_name, int nb ) const;

public:

    // constructors

    explicit sc_signed( int nb = sc_length_param().len() );
    sc_signed( const sc_signed&   v );
    sc_signed( const sc_unsigned& v );
    template<class T>
    explicit sc_signed( const sc_generic_base<T>& v );
    explicit sc_signed( const sc_bv_base& v );
    explicit sc_signed( const sc_lv_base& v );
    explicit sc_signed( const sc_int_subref_r& v );
    explicit sc_signed( const sc_uint_subref_r& v );
    explicit sc_signed( const sc_signed_subref_r& v );
    explicit sc_signed( const sc_unsigned_subref_r& v );

    // assignment operators

    const sc_signed& operator = (const sc_signed&          v);
    const sc_signed& operator = (const sc_signed_subref_r& a );

    template< class T >
    const sc_signed& operator = ( const sc_generic_base<T>& a )
        { a->to_sc_signed(*this); return *this; }

    const sc_signed& operator = (const sc_unsigned&        v);
    const sc_signed& operator = (const sc_unsigned_subref_r& a );

    const sc_signed& operator = (const char*               v);
    const sc_signed& operator = (int64                     v);
    const sc_signed& operator = (uint64                    v);
    const sc_signed& operator = (long                      v);
    const sc_signed& operator = (unsigned long             v);

    const sc_signed& operator = (int                       v)
        { return operator=((long) v); }

    const sc_signed& operator = (unsigned int              v)
        { return operator=((unsigned long) v); }

    const sc_signed& operator = (double                    v);
    const sc_signed& operator = (const sc_int_base&        v);
    const sc_signed& operator = (const sc_uint_base&       v);

    const sc_signed& operator = ( const sc_bv_base& );
    const sc_signed& operator = ( const sc_lv_base& );

#ifdef SC_INCLUDE_FX
    const sc_signed& operator = ( const sc_fxval& );
    const sc_signed& operator = ( const sc_fxval_fast& );
    const sc_signed& operator = ( const sc_fxnum& );
    const sc_signed& operator = ( const sc_fxnum_fast& );
#endif


    // destructor

    virtual ~sc_signed()
        {
#ifndef SC_MAX_NBITS
            delete [] digit;
#endif
        }

    // Concatenation support:

    sc_digit* get_raw() const
        { return digit; }
    virtual int concat_length(bool* xz_present_p) const
        { if ( xz_present_p ) *xz_present_p = false; return nbits; }
    virtual bool concat_get_ctrl( sc_digit* dst_p, int low_i ) const;
    virtual bool concat_get_data( sc_digit* dst_p, int low_i ) const;
    virtual uint64 concat_get_uint64() const;
    virtual void concat_set(int64 src, int low_i);
    virtual void concat_set(const sc_signed& src, int low_i);
    virtual void concat_set(const sc_unsigned& src, int low_i);
    virtual void concat_set(uint64 src, int low_i);



    // Increment operators.
    sc_signed& operator ++ ();
    const sc_signed operator ++ (int);

    // Decrement operators.
    sc_signed& operator -- ();
    const sc_signed operator -- (int);


    // bit selection

    inline void check_index( int i ) const
        { if ( i < 0 || i >= nbits ) invalid_index(i); }

    void invalid_index( int i ) const;

    sc_signed_bitref& operator [] ( int i )
        {
            check_index(i);
            sc_signed_bitref* result_p =
                sc_signed_bitref::m_pool.allocate();
            result_p->initialize( this, i );
            return *result_p;
        }

    const sc_signed_bitref_r& operator [] ( int i ) const
        {
            check_index(i);
            sc_signed_bitref* result_p =
                sc_signed_bitref::m_pool.allocate();
            result_p->initialize( this, i );
            return *result_p;
        }

    sc_signed_bitref& bit( int i )
        {
            check_index(i);
            sc_signed_bitref* result_p =
                sc_signed_bitref::m_pool.allocate();
            result_p->initialize( this, i );
            return *result_p;
        }

    const sc_signed_bitref_r& bit( int i ) const
        {
            check_index(i);
            sc_signed_bitref* result_p =
                sc_signed_bitref::m_pool.allocate();
            result_p->initialize( this, i );
            return *result_p;
        }


    // part selection

    // Subref operators. Help access the range of bits from the ith to
    // jth. These indices have arbitrary precedence with respect to each
    // other, i.e., we can have i <= j or i > j. Note the equivalence
    // between range(i, j) and operator(i, j). Also note that
    // operator(i, i) returns a signed number that corresponds to the
    // bit operator[i], so these two forms are not the same.

    inline void check_range( int l, int r ) const
        {
            if ( l < r )
            {
                if ( l < 0 || r >= nbits ) invalid_range(l,r);
            }
            else
            {
                if ( r < 0 || l >= nbits ) invalid_range(l,r);
            }
        }

    void invalid_range( int l, int r ) const;

    sc_signed_subref& range( int i, int j )
        {
            check_range( i, j );
            sc_signed_subref* result_p =
                sc_signed_subref::m_pool.allocate();
            result_p->initialize( this, i, j );
            return *result_p;
        }

    const sc_signed_subref_r& range( int i, int j ) const
        {
            check_range( i, j );
            sc_signed_subref* result_p =
                sc_signed_subref::m_pool.allocate();
            result_p->initialize( this, i, j );
            return *result_p;
        }

    sc_signed_subref& operator () ( int i, int j )
        {
            check_range( i, j );
            sc_signed_subref* result_p =
                sc_signed_subref::m_pool.allocate();
            result_p->initialize( this, i, j );
            return *result_p;
        }

    const sc_signed_subref_r& operator () ( int i, int j ) const
        {
            check_range( i, j );
            sc_signed_subref* result_p =
                sc_signed_subref::m_pool.allocate();
            result_p->initialize( this, i, j );
            return *result_p;
        }


    // explicit conversions

    int           to_int() const;
    unsigned int  to_uint() const;
    long          to_long() const;
    unsigned long to_ulong() const;
    int64         to_int64() const;
    uint64        to_uint64() const;
    double        to_double() const;

#ifdef SC_DT_DEPRECATED
    int to_signed() const
        { return to_int(); }

    unsigned int to_unsigned() const
        { return to_uint(); }
#endif

    // explicit conversion to character string

    const std::string to_string( sc_numrep numrep = SC_DEC ) const;
    const std::string to_string( sc_numrep numrep, bool w_prefix ) const;


    // Print functions. dump prints the internals of the class.

    void print( ::std::ostream& os = ::std::cout ) const
        { os << to_string(sc_io_base(os,SC_DEC),sc_io_show_base(os)); }

    void scan( ::std::istream& is = ::std::cin );

    void dump( ::std::ostream& os = ::std::cout ) const;


  // Functions to find various properties.
  int  length() const { return nbits; }  // Bit width.
  bool iszero() const;                   // Is the number zero?
  bool sign() const;                     // Sign.

   // reduce methods

    bool and_reduce() const;

    bool nand_reduce() const
        { return ( ! and_reduce() ); }

    bool or_reduce() const;

    bool nor_reduce() const
        { return ( ! or_reduce() ); }

    bool xor_reduce() const;

    bool xnor_reduce() const
        { return ( ! xor_reduce() ); }

  // Functions to access individual bits.
  bool test(int i) const;      // Is the ith bit 0 or 1?
  void set(int i);             // Set the ith bit to 1.
  void clear(int i);           // Set the ith bit to 0.
  void set(int i, bool v)      // Set the ith bit to v.
    { if (v) set(i); else clear(i);  }
  void invert(int i)           // Negate the ith bit.
    { if (test(i)) clear(i); else set(i);  }

  // Make the number equal to its mirror image.
  void reverse();

  // Get/set a packed bit representation of the number.
  void get_packed_rep(sc_digit *buf) const;
  void set_packed_rep(sc_digit *buf);

  /*
    The comparison of the old and new semantics are as follows:

    Let s = sc_signed,
        u = sc_unsigned,
        un = { uint64, unsigned long, unsigned int },
        sn = { int64, long, int, char* }, and
        OP = { +, -, *, /, % }.

    Old semantics:                     New semantics:
      u OP u -> u                        u OP u -> u
      s OP u -> u                        s OP u -> s
      u OP s -> u                        u OP s -> s
      s OP s -> s                        s OP s -> s

      u OP un = un OP u -> u             u OP un = un OP u -> u
      u OP sn = sn OP u -> u             u OP sn = sn OP u -> s

      s OP un = un OP s -> s             s OP un = un OP s -> s
      s OP sn = sn OP s -> s             s OP sn = sn OP s -> s

    In the new semantics, the result is u if both operands are u; the
    result is s otherwise. The only exception is subtraction. The result
    of a subtraction is always s.

    The old semantics is like C/C++ semantics on integer types; the
    new semantics is due to the VSIA C/C++ data types standard.
   */

  // ARITHMETIC OPERATORS:

  // ADDition operators:

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator + (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator + (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator + (const sc_unsigned&  u, int64               v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator + (const sc_unsigned&  u, long                v);
  friend sc_signed operator + (const sc_unsigned&  u, int                 v)
    { return operator+(u, (long) v); }

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator + (int64               u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator + (long                u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  friend sc_signed operator + (int                 u, const sc_unsigned&  v)
    { return operator+((long) u, v); }

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator + (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator + (const sc_signed&    u, int64               v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator + (const sc_signed&    u, uint64              v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator + (const sc_signed&    u, long                v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator + (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned long       v);
  friend sc_signed operator + (const sc_signed&    u, int                 v)
    { return operator+(u, (long) v); }
  friend sc_signed operator + (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned int        v)
    { return operator+(u, (unsigned long) v); }

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator + (int64               u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator + (uint64              u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator + (long                u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator + (unsigned long       u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend sc_signed operator + (int                 u, const sc_signed&    v)
    { return operator+((long) u, v); }
  friend sc_signed operator + (unsigned int        u, const sc_signed&    v)
    { return operator+((unsigned long) u, v); }

  const sc_signed& operator += (const sc_signed&    v);
  const sc_signed& operator += (const sc_unsigned&  v);
  const sc_signed& operator += (int64               v);
  const sc_signed& operator += (uint64              v);
  const sc_signed& operator += (long                v);
  const sc_signed& operator += (unsigned long       v);
  const sc_signed& operator += (int                 v)
    { return operator+=((long) v); }
  const sc_signed& operator += (unsigned int        v)
    { return operator+=((unsigned long) v); }

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator + (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator + (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator + (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator + (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_uint_base& v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator + (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator + (const sc_uint_base& u, const sc_signed&    v);
  const sc_signed& operator += (const sc_int_base&  v);
  const sc_signed& operator += (const sc_uint_base& v);

  // SUBtraction operators:

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_unsigned&  u, int64               v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_unsigned&  u, uint64              v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_unsigned&  u, long                v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_unsigned&  u, unsigned long       v);
  friend sc_signed operator - (const sc_unsigned&  u, int                v)
    { return operator-(u, (long) v); }
  friend sc_signed operator - (const sc_unsigned&  u, unsigned int       v)
    { return operator-(u, (unsigned long) v); }

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator - (int64               u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator - (uint64              u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator - (long                u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator - (unsigned long       u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  friend sc_signed operator - (int                 u, const sc_unsigned&  v)
    { return operator-((long) u, v); }
  friend sc_signed operator - (unsigned int        u, const sc_unsigned& v)
    { return operator-((unsigned long) u, v); }

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_signed&    u, int64               v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_signed&    u, uint64              v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_signed&    u, long                v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned long       v);
  friend sc_signed operator - (const sc_signed&    u, int                 v)
    { return operator-(u, (long) v); }
  friend sc_signed operator - (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned int        v)
    { return operator-(u, (unsigned long) v); }

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator - (int64               u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator - (uint64              u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator - (long                u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator - (unsigned long       u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend sc_signed operator - (int                 u, const sc_signed&    v)
    { return operator-((long) u, v); }
  friend sc_signed operator - (unsigned int        u, const sc_signed&    v)
    { return operator-((unsigned long) u, v); }

  const sc_signed& operator -= (const sc_signed&    v);
  const sc_signed& operator -= (const sc_unsigned&  v);
  const sc_signed& operator -= (int64               v);
  const sc_signed& operator -= (uint64              v);
  const sc_signed& operator -= (long                v);
  const sc_signed& operator -= (unsigned long       v);
  const sc_signed& operator -= (int                 v)
    { return operator -= ((long) v); }
  const sc_signed& operator -= (unsigned int        v)
    { return operator -= ((unsigned long) v); }

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_uint_base& v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_uint_base& u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_uint_base& v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_uint_base& u, const sc_signed&    v);
  const sc_signed& operator -= (const sc_int_base&  v);
  const sc_signed& operator -= (const sc_uint_base& v);

  // MULtiplication operators:

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator * (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator * (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator * (const sc_unsigned&  u, int64               v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator * (const sc_unsigned&  u, long                v);
  friend sc_signed operator * (const sc_unsigned&  u, int                 v)
    { return operator*(u, (long) v); }

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator * (int64               u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator * (long                u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  friend sc_signed operator * (int                 u, const sc_unsigned&  v)
    { return operator*((long) u, v); }

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator * (const sc_signed&  u, const sc_signed&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator * (const sc_signed&  u, int64             v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator * (const sc_signed&  u, uint64            v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator * (const sc_signed&  u, long              v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator * (const sc_signed&  u, unsigned long     v);
  friend sc_signed operator * (const sc_signed&  u, int               v)
    { return operator*(u, (long) v); }
  friend sc_signed operator * (const sc_signed&  u, unsigned int      v)
    { return operator*(u, (unsigned long) v); }

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator * (int64             u, const sc_signed&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator * (uint64            u, const sc_signed&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator * (long              u, const sc_signed&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator * (unsigned long     u, const sc_signed&  v);
  friend sc_signed operator * (int               u, const sc_signed&  v)
    { return operator*((long) u, v); }
  friend sc_signed operator * (unsigned int      u, const sc_signed&  v)
    { return operator*((unsigned long) u, v); }

  const sc_signed& operator *= (const sc_signed&    v);
  const sc_signed& operator *= (const sc_unsigned&  v);
  const sc_signed& operator *= (int64               v);
  const sc_signed& operator *= (uint64              v);
  const sc_signed& operator *= (long                v);
  const sc_signed& operator *= (unsigned long       v);
  const sc_signed& operator *= (int                 v)
    { return operator*=((long) v); }
  const sc_signed& operator *= (unsigned int        v)
    { return operator*=((unsigned long) v); }

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator * (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator * (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator * (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator * (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_uint_base& v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator * (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator * (const sc_uint_base& u, const sc_signed&    v);
  const sc_signed& operator *= (const sc_int_base&  v);
  const sc_signed& operator *= (const sc_uint_base& v);

  // DIVision operators:

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator / (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator / (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator / (const sc_unsigned&  u, int64               v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator / (const sc_unsigned&  u, long                v);
  friend sc_signed operator / (const sc_unsigned&  u, int                 v)
    { return operator/(u, (long) v); }

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator / (int64               u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator / (long                u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  friend sc_signed operator / (int                 u, const sc_unsigned&  v)
    { return operator/((long) u, v); }

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator / (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator / (const sc_signed&    u, int64               v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator / (const sc_signed&    u, uint64              v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator / (const sc_signed&    u, long                v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator / (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned long       v);
  friend sc_signed operator / (const sc_signed&    u, int                 v)
    { return operator/(u, (long) v); }
  friend sc_signed operator / (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned int        v)
    { return operator/(u, (unsigned long) v); }

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator / (int64               u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator / (uint64              u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator / (long                u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator / (unsigned long       u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend sc_signed operator / (int                 u, const sc_signed&    v)
    { return operator/((long) u, v); }
  friend sc_signed operator / (unsigned int        u, const sc_signed&    v)
    { return operator/((unsigned long) u, v); }

  const sc_signed& operator /= (const sc_signed&    v);
  const sc_signed& operator /= (const sc_unsigned&  v);
  const sc_signed& operator /= (int64               v);
  const sc_signed& operator /= (uint64              v);
  const sc_signed& operator /= (long                v);
  const sc_signed& operator /= (unsigned long       v);
  const sc_signed& operator /= (int                 v)
    { return operator/=((long) v); }
  const sc_signed& operator /= (unsigned int        v)
    { return operator/=((unsigned long) v); }

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator / (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator / (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator / (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator / (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_uint_base& v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator / (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator / (const sc_uint_base& u, const sc_signed&    v);
  const sc_signed& operator /= (const sc_int_base&  v);
  const sc_signed& operator /= (const sc_uint_base& v);

  // MODulo operators:

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator % (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator % (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator % (const sc_unsigned&  u, int64               v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator % (const sc_unsigned&  u, long                v);
  friend sc_signed operator % (const sc_unsigned&  u, int                 v)
    { return operator%(u, (long) v); }

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator % (int64               u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator % (long                u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  friend sc_signed operator % (int                 u, const sc_unsigned&  v)
    { return operator%((long) u, v); }

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator % (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator % (const sc_signed&    u, int64               v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator % (const sc_signed&    u, uint64              v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator % (const sc_signed&    u, long                v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator % (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned long       v);
  friend sc_signed operator % (const sc_signed&    u, int                 v)
    { return operator%(u, (long) v); }
  friend sc_signed operator % (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned int        v)
    { return operator%(u, (unsigned long) v); }

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator % (int64               u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator % (uint64              u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator % (long                u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator % (unsigned long       u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend sc_signed operator % (int                 u, const sc_signed&    v)
    { return operator%((long) u, v); }
  friend sc_signed operator % (unsigned int        u, const sc_signed&    v)
    { return operator%((unsigned long) u, v); }

  const sc_signed& operator %= (const sc_signed&    v);
  const sc_signed& operator %= (const sc_unsigned&  v);
  const sc_signed& operator %= (int64               v);
  const sc_signed& operator %= (uint64              v);
  const sc_signed& operator %= (long                v);
  const sc_signed& operator %= (unsigned long       v);
  const sc_signed& operator %= (int                 v)
    { return operator%=((long) v); }
  const sc_signed& operator %= (unsigned int        v)
    { return operator%=((unsigned long) v); }

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator % (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator % (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator % (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator % (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_uint_base& v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator % (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator % (const sc_uint_base& u, const sc_signed&    v);
  const sc_signed& operator %= (const sc_int_base&  v);
  const sc_signed& operator %= (const sc_uint_base& v);

  // BITWISE OPERATORS:

  // Bitwise AND operators:

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator & (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator & (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator & (const sc_unsigned&  u, int64               v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator & (const sc_unsigned&  u, long                v);
  friend sc_signed operator & (const sc_unsigned&  u, int                 v)
    { return operator&(u, (long) v); }

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator & (int64               u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator & (long                u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  friend sc_signed operator & (int                 u, const sc_unsigned&  v)
    { return operator&((long) u, v); }

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator & (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator & (const sc_signed&    u, int64               v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator & (const sc_signed&    u, uint64              v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator & (const sc_signed&    u, long                v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator & (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned long       v);
  friend sc_signed operator & (const sc_signed&    u, int                 v)
    { return operator&(u, (long) v); }
  friend sc_signed operator & (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned int        v)
    { return operator&(u, (unsigned long) v); }

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator & (int64             u, const sc_signed&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator & (uint64            u, const sc_signed&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator & (long              u, const sc_signed&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator & (unsigned long     u, const sc_signed&  v);
  friend sc_signed operator & (int               u, const sc_signed&  v)
    { return operator&((long) u, v); }
  friend sc_signed operator & (unsigned int      u, const sc_signed&  v)
    { return operator&((unsigned long) u, v); }

  const sc_signed& operator &= (const sc_signed&    v);
  const sc_signed& operator &= (const sc_unsigned&  v);
  const sc_signed& operator &= (int64               v);
  const sc_signed& operator &= (uint64              v);
  const sc_signed& operator &= (long                v);
  const sc_signed& operator &= (unsigned long       v);
  const sc_signed& operator &= (int                 v)
    { return operator&=((long) v); }
  const sc_signed& operator &= (unsigned int        v)
    { return operator&=((unsigned long) v); }

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator & (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator & (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator & (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator & (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_uint_base& v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator & (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator & (const sc_uint_base& u, const sc_signed&    v);
  const sc_signed& operator &= (const sc_int_base&  v);
  const sc_signed& operator &= (const sc_uint_base& v);

  // Bitwise OR operators:

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator | (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator | (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator | (const sc_unsigned&  u, int64               v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator | (const sc_unsigned&  u, long                v);
  friend sc_signed operator | (const sc_unsigned&  u, int                 v)
    { return operator|(u, (long) v); }

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator | (int64               u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator | (long                u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  friend sc_signed operator | (int                 u, const sc_unsigned&  v)
    { return operator|((long) u, v); }

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator | (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator | (const sc_signed&    u, int64               v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator | (const sc_signed&    u, uint64              v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator | (const sc_signed&    u, long                v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator | (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned long       v);
  friend sc_signed operator | (const sc_signed&    u, int                 v)
    { return operator|(u, (long) v); }
  friend sc_signed operator | (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned int        v)
    { return operator|(u, (unsigned long) v); }

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator | (int64             u, const sc_signed&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator | (uint64            u, const sc_signed&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator | (long              u, const sc_signed&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator | (unsigned long     u, const sc_signed&  v);
  friend sc_signed operator | (int               u, const sc_signed&  v)
    { return operator|((long) u, v); }
  friend sc_signed operator | (unsigned int      u, const sc_signed&  v)
    { return operator|((unsigned long) u, v); }

  const sc_signed& operator |= (const sc_signed&    v);
  const sc_signed& operator |= (const sc_unsigned&  v);
  const sc_signed& operator |= (int64               v);
  const sc_signed& operator |= (uint64              v);
  const sc_signed& operator |= (long                v);
  const sc_signed& operator |= (unsigned long       v);
  const sc_signed& operator |= (int                 v)
    { return operator|=((long) v); }
  const sc_signed& operator |= (unsigned int        v)
    { return operator|=((unsigned long) v); }

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator | (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator | (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator | (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator | (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_uint_base& v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator | (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator | (const sc_uint_base& u, const sc_signed&    v);
  const sc_signed& operator |= (const sc_int_base&  v);
  const sc_signed& operator |= (const sc_uint_base& v);

  // Bitwise XOR operators:

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (const sc_unsigned&  u, int64               v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (const sc_unsigned&  u, long                v);
  friend sc_signed operator ^ (const sc_unsigned&  u, int                 v)
    { return operator^(u, (long) v); }

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (int64               u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (long                u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  friend sc_signed operator ^ (int                 u, const sc_unsigned&  v)
    { return operator^((long) u, v); }

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (const sc_signed&    u, int64               v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (const sc_signed&    u, uint64              v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (const sc_signed&    u, long                v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned long       v);
  friend sc_signed operator ^ (const sc_signed&    u, int                 v)
    { return operator^(u, (long) v); }
  friend sc_signed operator ^ (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned int        v)
    { return operator^(u, (unsigned long) v); }

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (int64             u, const sc_signed&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (uint64            u, const sc_signed&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (long              u, const sc_signed&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (unsigned long     u, const sc_signed&  v);
  friend sc_signed operator ^ (int               u, const sc_signed&  v)
    { return operator^((long) u, v); }
  friend sc_signed operator ^ (unsigned int      u, const sc_signed&  v)
    { return operator^((unsigned long) u, v); }

  const sc_signed& operator ^= (const sc_signed&    v);
  const sc_signed& operator ^= (const sc_unsigned&  v);
  const sc_signed& operator ^= (int64               v);
  const sc_signed& operator ^= (uint64              v);
  const sc_signed& operator ^= (long                v);
  const sc_signed& operator ^= (unsigned long       v);
  const sc_signed& operator ^= (int                 v)
    { return operator^=((long) v); }
  const sc_signed& operator ^= (unsigned int        v)
    { return operator^=((unsigned long) v); }

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_unsigned&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_uint_base& v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator ^ (const sc_uint_base& u, const sc_signed&    v);
  const sc_signed& operator ^= (const sc_int_base&  v);
  const sc_signed& operator ^= (const sc_uint_base& v);

  // SHIFT OPERATORS:

  // LEFT SHIFT operators:

  friend SC_API sc_unsigned operator << (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend   SC_API sc_signed operator << (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  friend   SC_API sc_signed operator << (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend   SC_API sc_signed operator << (const sc_signed&    u, int64               v);
  friend   SC_API sc_signed operator << (const sc_signed&    u, uint64              v);
  friend   SC_API sc_signed operator << (const sc_signed&    u, long                v);
  friend   SC_API sc_signed operator << (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned long       v);
  friend   sc_signed operator << (const sc_signed&    u, int                 v)
    { return operator<<(u, (long) v); }
  friend   sc_signed operator << (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned int        v)
    { return operator<<(u, (unsigned long) v); }

  const sc_signed& operator <<= (const sc_signed&    v);
  const sc_signed& operator <<= (const sc_unsigned&  v);
  const sc_signed& operator <<= (int64               v);
  const sc_signed& operator <<= (uint64              v);
  const sc_signed& operator <<= (long                v);
  const sc_signed& operator <<= (unsigned long       v);
  const sc_signed& operator <<= (int                 v)
    { return operator<<=((long) v); }
  const sc_signed& operator <<= (unsigned int        v)
    { return operator<<=((unsigned long) v); }

  friend   SC_API sc_signed operator << (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  friend   SC_API sc_signed operator << (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_uint_base& v);
  const sc_signed& operator <<= (const sc_int_base&  v);
  const sc_signed& operator <<= (const sc_uint_base& v);

  // RIGHT SHIFT operators:

  friend SC_API sc_unsigned operator >> (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend   SC_API sc_signed operator >> (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  friend   SC_API sc_signed operator >> (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend   SC_API sc_signed operator >> (const sc_signed&    u, int64               v);
  friend   SC_API sc_signed operator >> (const sc_signed&    u, uint64              v);
  friend   SC_API sc_signed operator >> (const sc_signed&    u, long                v);
  friend   SC_API sc_signed operator >> (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned long       v);
  friend   sc_signed operator >> (const sc_signed&    u, int                 v)
    { return operator>>(u, (long) v); }
  friend   sc_signed operator >> (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned int        v)
    { return operator>>(u, (unsigned long) v); }

  const sc_signed& operator >>= (const sc_signed&    v);
  const sc_signed& operator >>= (const sc_unsigned&  v);
  const sc_signed& operator >>= (int64               v);
  const sc_signed& operator >>= (uint64              v);
  const sc_signed& operator >>= (long                v);
  const sc_signed& operator >>= (unsigned long       v);
  const sc_signed& operator >>= (int                 v)
    { return operator>>=((long) v); }
  const sc_signed& operator >>= (unsigned int        v)
    { return operator>>=((unsigned long) v); }

  friend SC_API sc_signed operator >> (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator >> (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_uint_base& v);
  const sc_signed& operator >>= (const sc_int_base&  v);
  const sc_signed& operator >>= (const sc_uint_base& v);

  // Unary arithmetic operators
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator + (const sc_signed&   u);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_signed&   u);
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator - (const sc_unsigned& u);

  // LOGICAL OPERATORS:

  // Logical EQUAL operators:

  friend SC_API bool operator == (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API bool operator == (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  friend SC_API bool operator == (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API bool operator == (const sc_signed&    u, int64               v);
  friend SC_API bool operator == (const sc_signed&    u, uint64              v);
  friend SC_API bool operator == (const sc_signed&    u, long                v);
  friend SC_API bool operator == (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned long       v);
  friend bool operator == (const sc_signed&    u, int                 v)
    { return operator==(u, (long) v); }
  friend bool operator == (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned int        v)
    { return operator==(u, (unsigned long) v); }

  friend SC_API bool operator == (int64               u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API bool operator == (uint64              u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API bool operator == (long                u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API bool operator == (unsigned long       u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend bool operator == (int                 u, const sc_signed&    v)
    { return operator==((long) u, v); }
  friend bool operator == (unsigned int        u, const sc_signed&    v)
    { return operator==((unsigned long) u, v); }

  friend SC_API bool operator == (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  friend SC_API bool operator == (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_uint_base& v);
  friend SC_API bool operator == (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API bool operator == (const sc_uint_base& u, const sc_signed&    v);

  // Logical NOT_EQUAL operators:

  friend SC_API bool operator != (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API bool operator != (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  friend SC_API bool operator != (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API bool operator != (const sc_signed&    u, int64               v);
  friend SC_API bool operator != (const sc_signed&    u, uint64              v);
  friend SC_API bool operator != (const sc_signed&    u, long                v);
  friend SC_API bool operator != (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned long       v);
  friend bool operator != (const sc_signed&    u, int                 v)
    { return operator!=(u, (long) v); }
  friend bool operator != (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned int        v)
    { return operator!=(u, (unsigned long) v); }

  friend SC_API bool operator != (int64               u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API bool operator != (uint64              u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API bool operator != (long                u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API bool operator != (unsigned long       u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend bool operator != (int                 u, const sc_signed&    v)
    { return operator!=((long) u, v); }
  friend bool operator != (unsigned int        u, const sc_signed&    v)
    { return operator!=((unsigned long) u, v); }

  friend SC_API bool operator != (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  friend SC_API bool operator != (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_uint_base& v);
  friend SC_API bool operator != (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API bool operator != (const sc_uint_base& u, const sc_signed&    v);

  // Logical LESS_THAN operators:

  friend SC_API bool operator < (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API bool operator < (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  friend SC_API bool operator < (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API bool operator < (const sc_signed&    u, int64               v);
  friend SC_API bool operator < (const sc_signed&    u, uint64              v);
  friend SC_API bool operator < (const sc_signed&    u, long                v);
  friend SC_API bool operator < (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned long       v);
  friend bool operator < (const sc_signed&    u, int                 v)
    { return operator<(u, (long) v); }
  friend bool operator < (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned int        v)
    { return operator<(u, (unsigned long) v); }

  friend SC_API bool operator < (int64               u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API bool operator < (uint64              u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API bool operator < (long                u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API bool operator < (unsigned long       u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend bool operator < (int                 u, const sc_signed&    v)
    { return operator<((long) u, v); }
  friend bool operator < (unsigned int        u, const sc_signed&    v)
    { return operator<((unsigned long) u, v); }

  friend SC_API bool operator < (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  friend SC_API bool operator < (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_uint_base& v);
  friend SC_API bool operator < (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API bool operator < (const sc_uint_base& u, const sc_signed&    v);

  // Logical LESS_THAN_AND_EQUAL operators:

  friend SC_API bool operator <= (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API bool operator <= (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  friend SC_API bool operator <= (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API bool operator <= (const sc_signed&    u, int64               v);
  friend SC_API bool operator <= (const sc_signed&    u, uint64              v);
  friend SC_API bool operator <= (const sc_signed&    u, long                v);
  friend SC_API bool operator <= (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned long       v);
  friend bool operator <= (const sc_signed&    u, int                 v)
    { return operator<=(u, (long) v); }
  friend bool operator <= (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned int        v)
    { return operator<=(u, (unsigned long) v); }

  friend SC_API bool operator <= (int64               u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API bool operator <= (uint64              u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API bool operator <= (long                u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API bool operator <= (unsigned long       u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend bool operator <= (int                 u, const sc_signed&    v)
    { return operator<=((long) u, v); }
  friend bool operator <= (unsigned int        u, const sc_signed&    v)
    { return operator<=((unsigned long) u, v); }

  friend SC_API bool operator <= (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  friend SC_API bool operator <= (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_uint_base& v);
  friend SC_API bool operator <= (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API bool operator <= (const sc_uint_base& u, const sc_signed&    v);

  // Logical GREATER_THAN operators:

  friend SC_API bool operator > (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API bool operator > (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  friend SC_API bool operator > (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API bool operator > (const sc_signed&    u, int64               v);
  friend SC_API bool operator > (const sc_signed&    u, uint64              v);
  friend SC_API bool operator > (const sc_signed&    u, long                v);
  friend SC_API bool operator > (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned long       v);
  friend bool operator > (const sc_signed&    u, int                 v)
    { return operator>(u, (long) v); }
  friend bool operator > (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned int        v)
    { return operator>(u, (unsigned long) v); }

  friend SC_API bool operator > (int64               u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API bool operator > (uint64              u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API bool operator > (long                u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API bool operator > (unsigned long       u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend bool operator > (int                 u, const sc_signed&    v)
    { return operator>((long) u, v); }
  friend bool operator > (unsigned int        u, const sc_signed&    v)
    { return operator>((unsigned long) u, v); }

  friend SC_API bool operator > (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  friend SC_API bool operator > (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_uint_base& v);
  friend SC_API bool operator > (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API bool operator > (const sc_uint_base& u, const sc_signed&    v);

  // Logical GREATER_THAN_AND_EQUAL operators:

  friend SC_API bool operator >= (const sc_unsigned&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API bool operator >= (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_unsigned&  v);

  friend SC_API bool operator >= (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API bool operator >= (const sc_signed&    u, int64               v);
  friend SC_API bool operator >= (const sc_signed&    u, uint64              v);
  friend SC_API bool operator >= (const sc_signed&    u, long                v);
  friend SC_API bool operator >= (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned long       v);
  friend bool operator >= (const sc_signed&    u, int                 v)
    { return operator>=(u, (long) v); }
  friend bool operator >= (const sc_signed&    u, unsigned int        v)
    { return operator>=(u, (unsigned long) v); }

  friend SC_API bool operator >= (int64               u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API bool operator >= (uint64              u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API bool operator >= (long                u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API bool operator >= (unsigned long       u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend bool operator >= (int                 u, const sc_signed&    v)
    { return operator>=((long) u, v); }
  friend bool operator >= (unsigned int        u, const sc_signed&    v)
    { return operator>=((unsigned long) u, v); }

  friend SC_API bool operator >= (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_int_base&  v);
  friend SC_API bool operator >= (const sc_signed&    u, const sc_uint_base& v);
  friend SC_API bool operator >= (const sc_int_base&  u, const sc_signed&    v);
  friend SC_API bool operator >= (const sc_uint_base& u, const sc_signed&    v);

  // Bitwise NOT operator (unary).
  friend SC_API sc_signed operator ~ (const sc_signed& u);

  // Helper functions.
  friend sc_signed add_signed_friend(small_type us,
                                     int unb,
                                     int und,
                                     const sc_digit *ud,
                                     small_type vs,
                                     int vnb,
                                     int vnd,
                                     const sc_digit *vd);

  friend sc_signed sub_signed_friend(small_type us,
                                     int unb,
                                     int und,
                                     const sc_digit *ud,
                                     small_type vs,
                                     int vnb,
                                     int vnd,
                                     const sc_digit *vd);

  friend sc_signed mul_signed_friend(small_type s,
                                     int unb,
                                     int und,
                                     const sc_digit *ud,
                                     int vnb,
                                     int vnd,
                                     const sc_digit *vd);

  friend sc_signed div_signed_friend(small_type s,
                                     int unb,
                                     int und,
                                     const sc_digit *ud,
                                     int vnb,
                                     int vnd,
                                     const sc_digit *vd);

  friend sc_signed mod_signed_friend(small_type us,
                                     int unb,
                                     int und,
                                     const sc_digit *ud,
                                     int vnb,
                                     int vnd,
                                     const sc_digit *vd);

  friend sc_signed and_signed_friend(small_type us,
                                     int unb,
                                     int und,
                                     const sc_digit *ud,
                                     small_type vs,
                                     int vnb,
                                     int vnd,
                                     const sc_digit *vd);

  friend sc_signed or_signed_friend(small_type us,
                                    int unb,
                                    int und,
                                    const sc_digit *ud,
                                    small_type vs,
                                    int vnb,
                                    int vnd,
                                    const sc_digit *vd);

  friend sc_signed xor_signed_friend(small_type us,
                                     int unb,
                                     int und,
                                     const sc_digit *ud,
                                     small_type vs,
                                     int vnb,
                                     int vnd,
                                     const sc_digit *vd);

private:

  small_type  sgn;         // Shortened as s.
  int nbits;       // Shortened as nb.
  int ndigits;     // Shortened as nd.

#ifdef SC_MAX_NBITS
  sc_digit digit[DIV_CEIL(SC_MAX_NBITS)];   // Shortened as d.
#else
  sc_digit *digit;                       // Shortened as d.
#endif

  // Private constructors:

  // Create a copy of v with sign s.
  sc_signed(const sc_signed&   v, small_type s);
  sc_signed(const sc_unsigned& v, small_type s);

  // Create a signed number with the given attributes.
  sc_signed(small_type s, int nb, int nd,
            sc_digit *d, bool alloc = true);

  // Create an unsigned number using the bits u[l..r].
  sc_signed(const sc_signed* u, int l, int r);
  sc_signed(const sc_unsigned* u, int l, int r);

  // Private member functions. The called functions are inline functions.

  small_type default_sign() const
    { return SC_NOSIGN; }

  int num_bits(int nb) const { return nb; }

  bool check_if_outside(int bit_num) const;

  void copy_digits(int nb, int nd, const sc_digit *d)
    { copy_digits_signed(sgn, nbits, ndigits, digit, nb, nd, d); }

  void makezero()
    { sgn = make_zero(ndigits, digit); }

  // Conversion functions between 2's complement (2C) and
  // sign-magnitude (SM):
  void convert_2C_to_SM()
    { sgn = convert_signed_2C_to_SM(nbits, ndigits, digit); }

  void convert_SM_to_2C_to_SM()
    { sgn = convert_signed_SM_to_2C_to_SM(sgn, nbits, ndigits, digit); }

  void convert_SM_to_2C()
    { convert_signed_SM_to_2C(sgn, ndigits, digit); }

};



inline
::std::ostream&
operator << ( ::std::ostream&, const sc_signed& );

inline
::std::istream&
operator >> ( ::std::istream&, sc_signed& );



inline
::std::ostream&
operator << ( ::std::ostream& os, const sc_signed_bitref_r& a )
{
    a.print( os );
    return os;
}


inline
::std::istream&
operator >> ( ::std::istream& is, sc_signed_bitref& a )
{
    a.scan( is );
    return is;
}


// reduce methods

inline bool sc_signed_subref_r::and_reduce() const
{
   const sc_signed* target_p = m_obj_p;
   for ( int i = m_right; i <= m_left; i++ )
        if ( !target_p->test(i) ) return false;
   return true;
}

inline bool sc_signed_subref_r::nand_reduce() const
{
    return !and_reduce();
}

inline bool sc_signed_subref_r::or_reduce() const
{
   const sc_signed* target_p = m_obj_p;
   for ( int i = m_right; i <= m_left; i++ )
        if ( target_p->test(i) ) return true;
   return false;
}

inline bool sc_signed_subref_r::nor_reduce() const
{
    return !or_reduce();
}

inline bool sc_signed_subref_r::xor_reduce() const
{
   int                odd;
   const sc_signed* target_p = m_obj_p;
   odd = 0;
   for ( int i = m_right; i <= m_left; i++ )
        if ( target_p->test(i) ) odd = ~odd;
   return odd ? true : false;
}

inline bool sc_signed_subref_r::xnor_reduce() const
{
    return !xor_reduce();
}

inline
::std::ostream&
operator << ( ::std::ostream& os, const sc_signed_subref_r& a )
{
    a.print( os );
    return os;
}


// assignment operators

inline
const sc_signed_subref&
sc_signed_subref::operator = ( const char* a )
{
    sc_signed aa( length() );
    return ( *this = aa = a );
}




inline
::std::istream&
operator >> ( ::std::istream& is, sc_signed_subref& a )
{
    a.scan( is );
    return is;
}



template<class T>
sc_signed::sc_signed( const sc_generic_base<T>& v )
{
    int nb = v->length();
    sgn = default_sign();
    if( nb > 0 ) {
        nbits = num_bits( nb );
    } else {
        invalid_init( "sc_generic_base<T>", nb );
        sc_core::sc_abort(); // can't recover from here
    }
    ndigits = DIV_CEIL(nbits);
#   ifdef SC_MAX_NBITS
        test_bound(nb);
#    else
        digit = new sc_digit[ndigits];
#    endif
    makezero();
    v->to_sc_signed(*this);
}



inline
::std::ostream&
operator << ( ::std::ostream& os, const sc_signed& a )
{
    a.print( os );
    return os;
}

inline
::std::istream&
operator >> ( ::std::istream& is, sc_signed& a )
{
    a.scan( is );
    return is;
}


} // namespace sc_dt

#endif